tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44448930139434562472024-02-19T07:15:09.685-08:00English essay for class 5Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.comBlogger208125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-53115255848723889032020-08-26T17:59:00.001-07:002020-08-26T17:59:07.036-07:00Salvador Dali's History Backriound Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsSalvador Dali's History Backriound - Essay Example The exposition Salvador Dali's History Backriound means to investigate Salvador Dali's experience. Salvador Dali is a Spanish painter. His folks affected his turn of events and imaginative practices as his fatherââ¬â¢s severe drill sergeant approach added to Daliââ¬â¢s organized quest for craftsmanship, while his motherââ¬â¢s inventive nature impacted his creative procedure. In 1926 he would leave Spain and move to Paris, where he came into contact with Pablo Picasso. While Dali had tried different things with Cubist strategies during this time in Madrid, plainly he didn't completely comprehend the class. During the following barely any years Dali would deliver work vigorously impacted by Picasso and individual surrealist Joan Miro. Dali would then proceed to consolidate an expansive assortment of impacts into his work. Among these impacts included the scholarly world, old style and pioneer strategies, just as ongoing mental investigations by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Thr ough World War II and his later life Dali would progressively concentrate on his one of a kind way to deal with surrealist craftsmanship. While looking at Daliââ¬â¢s workmanship itââ¬â¢s away from there are various striking components identified with topic, substance, which means, and iconography. One notes that in inspecting Daliââ¬â¢s workmanship inside this setting of understanding that his work has moved during various times of the artistââ¬â¢s life. All things considered, all through these periods Dali actualized trademark types of oil on canvas in building his works. He turned out to be fundamentally keen on investigating unique ideas. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-73883439841260994632020-08-22T09:02:00.001-07:002020-08-22T09:02:35.376-07:00The African Athena Controversy Essay -- Ancient HistoryWith the nonattendance of assurance, serious credibility is a reasonable way to deal with attempting to decide the impacts that the Egyptians and Phoenicians had on the Ancient Greeks. Since the distribution of the Bernalââ¬â¢s Black Athena volumes I and II, an extraordinary discussion has surfaced. There is no doubt that the Egyptians and Phoenicians had an effect on the Greek culture, the inquiries that are being questioned is the specific idea of the relationship and what timeframe this relationship existed. Subsequent to perusing the three articles introduced, I have come to concur with Martin Bernal and his Revised Ancient Model of Greek causes. At one time Egypt was acknowledged as European, yet that status started to dissolve and in the 1790ââ¬â¢s Egypt was viewed as an African Nation. Preceding the 1820ââ¬â¢s the most generally acknowledged hypothesis of the birthplaces of Greece was the Ancient Model. In this model, crude clans, Pelasigians, and others possessed Greece. In specific locales of Greece, the Egyptians and Phoenicians settled, constructed urban areas, and cultivated the locals. The Phoenicians were credited with having presented the letters in order while the Egyptians showed the Pelasgians water system (Bernal, p. 7). It was during this period, the Northern European researchers started to give occasion to feel qualms about the colonization of old Greece by the Egyptian and Phoenicians and their social advancement of that time (Bernal, p. 7). ââ¬Å"Historiographical advancements can't be connected to the accessibility of any evidenceâ⬠(Bernal, p. 7). Unfortunately, there were some incredible revelations found after the models changed, yet they were overlooked, similar to Jean-Francois Champollion discoveries, he had started to interpret the hieroglyphics during 1820ââ¬â¢s, the decipherment of cuneiform, and the primary circular segment... ...ilization and driven me to concur with Bernalââ¬â¢s Revised Ancient Model. References Berlinerblau, J. (1999). The Aryan Models. Blasphemy in the University: The Black Athena debate and the reponsibilities of American scholarly people [Portfolio perusing set]. Recovered from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu Bernal, M. (2001). Presentation Black Athena composes back [Portfolio perusing set]. Recovered from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu Lefkowitz, M. R. (1996). Old history, Modern Myths. Dark Athena Revisited [Portfolio perusing set]. Recovered from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu The African Athena Controversy [Portfolio perusing set]. (2012, June). Recovered from University of Massachusetts at Boston, CEHD, CLA, CPCS, CSM, and CNHS Writing capability assessment (WPE): http://www.UMB.edu The African Athena Controversy Essay - Ancient History With the nonappearance of conviction, serious credibility is a practical way to deal with attempting to decide the impacts that the Egyptians and Phoenicians had on the Ancient Greeks. Since the distribution of the Bernalââ¬â¢s Black Athena volumes I and II, an incredible discussion has surfaced. There is no doubt that the Egyptians and Phoenicians had an impact on the Greek culture, the inquiries that are being questioned is the specific idea of the relationship and what timeframe this relationship existed. In the wake of perusing the three articles introduced, I have come to concur with Martin Bernal and his Revised Ancient Model of Greek sources. At one time Egypt was acknowledged as European, however that status started to dissolve and in the 1790ââ¬â¢s Egypt was viewed as an African Nation. Preceding the 1820ââ¬â¢s the most generally acknowledged hypothesis of the causes of Greece was the Ancient Model. In this model, crude clans, Pelasigians, and others possessed Greece. In specific locales of Greece, the Egyptians and Phoenicians settled, manufactured urban areas, and humanized the locals. The Phoenicians were credited with having presented the letters in order while the Egyptians showed the Pelasgians water system (Bernal, p. 7). It was during this period, the Northern European researchers started to give occasion to feel qualms about the colonization of antiquated Greece by the Egyptian and Phoenicians and their social improvement of that time (Bernal, p. 7). ââ¬Å"Historiographical improvements can't be connected to the accessibility of any evidenceâ⬠(Bernal, p. 7). Tragically, there were some incredible revelations found after the models changed, however they were disregarded, similar to Jean-Francois Champollion discoveries, he had started to translate the hieroglyphics during 1820ââ¬â¢s, the decipherment of cuneiform, and the primary circular segment... ...ilization and driven me to concur with Bernalââ¬â¢s Revised Ancient Model. References Berlinerblau, J. (1999). The Aryan Models. Apostasy in the University: The Black Athena debate and the reponsibilities of American erudite people [Portfolio perusing set]. Recovered from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu Bernal, M. (2001). Presentation Black Athena composes back [Portfolio perusing set]. Recovered from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu Lefkowitz, M. R. (1996). Antiquated history, Modern Myths. Dark Athena Revisited [Portfolio perusing set]. Recovered from University of Massachusetts at Boston: http://www.UMB.edu The African Athena Controversy [Portfolio perusing set]. (2012, June). Recovered from University of Massachusetts at Boston, CEHD, CLA, CPCS, CSM, and CNHS Writing capability assessment (WPE): http://www.UMB.edu Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-43382738179517224892020-08-21T06:05:00.002-07:002020-08-21T06:06:46.875-07:00How To Maintain a Decent GPAHow To Maintain a Decent GPA How Hard Is It To Maintain a Decent GPA? HomeâºEducation PostsâºHow Hard Is It To Maintain a Decent GPA? Education PostsMost students do not really worry about their GPA (grade point average) until they begin to struggle with a subject. Your GPA is very important, and maintaining a Decent GPA may not be as easy as one imagines.A lot of students both in high school and college start out strong, but somewhere along the line their GPA starts sliding. It is hard to get the grade point average that you want, but it can be even harder to keep it.There are a lot of things that students have to contend with to keep their grade point average up. Testing, homework, participation and writing assignments can all either make or break your grade point average.Little insurance can go a long way in helping you to get good grades. All it takes is one bad semester to tank your grade point average. Losing your footing and watching that average fall can easily cause you to lose future opportunities.D elegation of DutiesA lot of educators assume that many students fail because they are ill equipped with time management skills. But what most educators do not realize is that while students may seem like they are managing their time poorly, in reality it is a simple overload of assignments.Maintaining a hard won GPA really comes down to focusing on what you need and delegating some of the work out to free up your time for it!Reliable SourcesMaking the decision to delegate out some of the duties is a great choice, but you have to be sure that you are using a reliable source. One of the biggest time sucks is producing high quality papers. So, it stands to reason that it is one of the things that you should delegate to an expert!www.qualitycustomessays.com is a reliable source that offers expert help with papers. There are other trustworthy sites online that can help you with getting the necessary work done. However, our company goes above and beyond to make sure that you are happy wit h the service.The smart thing to do to be certain you can keep a high GPA in college is to ask for help when you need it. Dont risk losing the ground that you have made with your grades. Get help from a reliable source and maintain a decent GPA. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-71385946472570749402020-08-21T06:05:00.001-07:002020-08-21T06:05:11.076-07:00How To Maintain a Decent GPAHow To Maintain a Decent GPA How Hard Is It To Maintain a Decent GPA? HomeâºEducation PostsâºHow Hard Is It To Maintain a Decent GPA? Education PostsMost students do not really worry about their GPA (grade point average) until they begin to struggle with a subject. Your GPA is very important, and maintaining a Decent GPA may not be as easy as one imagines.A lot of students both in high school and college start out strong, but somewhere along the line their GPA starts sliding. It is hard to get the grade point average that you want, but it can be even harder to keep it.There are a lot of things that students have to contend with to keep their grade point average up. Testing, homework, participation and writing assignments can all either make or break your grade point average.Little insurance can go a long way in helping you to get good grades. All it takes is one bad semester to tank your grade point average. Losing your footing and watching that average fall can easily cause you to lose future opportunities.D elegation of DutiesA lot of educators assume that many students fail because they are ill equipped with time management skills. But what most educators do not realize is that while students may seem like they are managing their time poorly, in reality it is a simple overload of assignments.Maintaining a hard won GPA really comes down to focusing on what you need and delegating some of the work out to free up your time for it!Reliable SourcesMaking the decision to delegate out some of the duties is a great choice, but you have to be sure that you are using a reliable source. One of the biggest time sucks is producing high quality papers. So, it stands to reason that it is one of the things that you should delegate to an expert!www.qualitycustomessays.com is a reliable source that offers expert help with papers. There are other trustworthy sites online that can help you with getting the necessary work done. However, our company goes above and beyond to make sure that you are happy wit h the service.The smart thing to do to be certain you can keep a high GPA in college is to ask for help when you need it. Dont risk losing the ground that you have made with your grades. Get help from a reliable source and maintain a decent GPA. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-687895668476534722020-05-24T18:31:00.001-07:002020-05-24T18:31:04.408-07:00Ethics Kantian Ethics - 2099 Words Ethics essay ââ¬â Kantian ethics a.) Explain Kantââ¬â¢s concept of duty Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who was concerned with producing an ethical theory that was logical and absolute, and did not change depending on the situation, countering the views of John Locke and other empiricists of the time. His ethics are based on duty, rather than looking at the end product of an action. He thought that his theory was so important that it could be rivalled with the Copernican revolution, in that it would utterly change everyoneââ¬â¢s concept of morality in the same profound manner. There are two main dictionary definitions of duty, obeying a superior, and obeying the moral law in doing the right thing, and Kant was concerned with the latter. Inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He himself uses the example of a good shopkeeper, in which a small child gives a shopkeeper a large amount of money for a cheap product, unaware of its value. Firstly, the shopkeeper could give the child the wrong amount of money, which would of course be immoral, or they could give the correct amount of change, but with the intention of improving their reputation, and business with it. They should give the correct change, with only the good will in mind, not with the intention of good business. It is the shopkeeperââ¬â¢s duty to act with integrity, as to not treat people as means to ends, and it is our duty as well. Kant believed that there must be some reason, some reward for our doing good actions. This he described as the `summum bonum`, or the greatest good. We are not able to gain the summum bonum in this life ââ¬â as Kant observed people who were not living morally, but living happily, and vice versa ââ¬â so we must be able to get there in the afterlife. He postulated the existence of heaven because of this, and itââ¬â¢s in heaven that we achieve this in the afterlife. Finally, the three postulates of reason are three things that are needed for this theory to work. These include freedom, immortality, and the existence of God. He realised that we must be able to make our own decisions freely, that we have the ability to make wrong decisions as well the correct ones. There must an afterlife for us to able to reach the summumShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Kantian Ethics3078 Words à |à 13 PagesThe impact of Kantian ethics has been truly extensive in the philosophical community for centuries now. Numerous philosophers have accepted, disputed and further developed the Kantian style of ethics in the modern era. German philosopher Immanuel Kant has established a theory based on a simple few concepts. Some of the key features of this theory are intrinsic goodness, moral worth and a few others that I will establish further later in the essay. In this thesis I will be highlighting if consequencesRead MoreEthics Vs. Kantian Ethics1249 Words à |à 5 Pag esprominent ethical theories that arose were utilitarianism and deontological ethics. Both ethical theories developed to establish and justify a set of different moral rules and principles. Utilitarianism, otherwise known as consequentialism, is an ethical theory that sees the best moral decision is one that maximizes utility, which implies that no moral decision is intrinsically right or wrong. Deontological ethics or Kantian ethics is a normative ethical theory that judges the morality of a decision isRead MoreKantian Ethics1459 Words à |à 6 Pageslives it is their responsibility to make certain that young children will learn to make logical decisions that would contribute in a positive way in society. An ethical theory that would best describe people that influence young children would be Kantian`s ethics. His ethical theory elucidates that morality is when we act based on duty for duty`s sake not for self-interest. For this reason in order to respect the law, a sense of duty to one`s actions is necessary (Kant, 287). Based on this analysis, youngRead MoreKantian Ethics And Communitarian Ethics Essay1448 Words à |à 6 Pagesgood? In order to answer this question, I will analyze two concepts: Kantian Ethics and Communitarian Ethics. Using Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine by Bonnie Steinbock, Alex London, and John Arras, I will explain both concepts and their understanding of moral reasoning. Focusing on categorical imperatives and the universality test, I will explain Kantian ethics in reference to the good will. I will then explain Communitarian ethics in reference to collectivism. Using both ethical concepts, I willRead MoreKantian Ethics and Christian Ethics1400 Words à |à 6 PagesKantian Ethics and Christian Ethics Immanuel Kant the founder of the Categorical Imperative (CI) argues that morality is based on standards of rationality. Therefore, to act in disaccord with the CI is to act irrationally or immorally. In comparison to Christianity, to act immorally is to act in disagreement with Gods laws. Kants CI is formulated into three different ways, which include: The Universal Law Formulation, The Humanity or End in Itself Formulation, and The Kingdom of Ends FormulationRead MoreOn Utilitarianism and Kantian Ethics 1681 Words à |à 7 Pages1. Introduction There is little doubt that Utilitarianism and Kantian Ethics are by far the two most important ethical theories throughout contemporary philosophy. Though both attempt to answer questions about morality and behavior, the two theories have many fundamental differences: one evaluates actions in terms of the utility they produce whereas the other considers whether actions fulfill duty; one emphasizes consequence where the other highlights intentions; one sees desire as essential whileRead MoreAristotelian Ethics And Kantian Ethics1303 Words à |à 6 PagesAristotelian ethics is more concern with the personality of a person and their ability to do good without strict rules or guidance, while utilitarianism and Kantian tell you what your duty is and what you need to do to be a moral person. The responsibility always falls back to the person no matter what principle they follow, but Aristotelian ethics doesnââ¬â¢t condemn you if your decision leads to bad consequence or unhappiness. 3. Virtue ethics seems more realistic than utilitarianism and Kantian ethicsRead MoreEdward Snowden Kantian Ethics1885 Words à |à 5 Pagesï » ¿ Edward Snowden, Kantian Ethics Edward Snowden the Ethical Issue In early 2013 a man by the name of Edward Joseph Snowden began leaking classified National Security Agency (NSA) documents to media outlets, which in turn ended up in public ears. These documents, mainly involving intelligence Snowden acquired while working as an NSA contractor, are mostly related to global surveillance programs run by the NSA. This has raised multiple ethical issues ranging from national security, information privacyRead MoreThe Ethical Concepts Of Kantian Ethics Essay1043 Words à |à 5 Pagesstudies belongs to the analysis of ethics, morality and law as the main regulators of the human behavior in the society Kant is known as the founder of the deontological ethics (Kantianism), which presents a rational alternative to the utilitarian ethics and ideas. Particularly, the deontological findings and categorical imperative of Kant prove that it is virtually impossible to act immorally. The aim of this paper is to analyze the ethical concepts of Kantian ethics and pro ve the fact that acting immorallyRead MoreKantian Philosophy : Kantian Duty Ethics Essay1309 Words à |à 6 Pages2. Define and describe Kantian Duty Ethics, with reference to the Principle of Universalizability and the Principle of Humanity. Do you find this theory plausible? Why or why not? Kantian Duty Ethics is named after its creator Immanuel Kant. The way the Kantian approaches morality is by Deontological ethical theory. The word deontology comes from the Greek word deon, which translates to duty. (thefreedictionary) In deontological ethics itââ¬â¢s believed that morality is primarily a matter of rights and Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-83439572684697581142020-05-14T01:29:00.001-07:002020-05-14T01:29:05.096-07:00Racism And Nativism - 1083 Words 1. What is nativism and xenophobia and how are they being expressed in todayââ¬â¢s society? (20 points) - Nativism is known as a policy in which protects native born people from immigrants that are seen to be a threat or dangerous. Xenophobia is an intense fear or prejudice against people from other nations. Nativism can be seen today when thinking about politics, President Trump wants to ââ¬Å"build a wallâ⬠to keep the immigrants from coming into the united states because in his eyes and some others, they are considered to be dangerous. Xenophobia happens every day to those who are colored, something simple like walking down the street a woman might hold onto her purse in fear she might get robbed by them or, a colored person going into a store.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦4. Why has a majority in the United States harbored such a long and deep distrust of Catholics? Explain what events, persons, or characteristics served to prolong such anti-Catholic behavior into the 20th century. (10 points) - The Native Americans and the Know-Nothing promoted anti-Catholicism, the Know-No thing made it their job to diminish the growth of Catholic power. Prejudices on anti-Catholicism was shown in textbooks at schools, showing priest living a luxury life while people were living in poverty and starving. Then in 1844, Philadelphia school board decided to except the Catholic bible during bible readings. This caused an uproar with an anti-Catholicism group demanding that the use of the Catholic Bible be kept out of public schools. This caused large crowds to gather, trying to find a solution. However, the crowd became too hectic and violence broke out. After was the election of 1855, Catholic voters were attacked and destroyed Catholic property. 5. How was anti-Semitism promoted in the United States during late 1800s and through World War II? (10 points) - One of the ways anti-Semitism was promoted was through Henry Ford, since Ford was a publisher he was able to print a document stating Jewish conspiracies plotting to destroy Christian civilization and create Jewish sovereignty. Ford had such a popular audience that many believed what he had wrote. Even after he retracted his document due to forgery he continued toShow MoreRelatedNativism and Racism after the Civil War663 Words à |à 3 Pagesperspective in Nativism and Racism. Both of these ideologies have various differences with definite degrees being successful during the elements of American history. Elements contained by immigrant groups or policies such as the ââ¬Å"Jim Crow Lawsâ⬠or ââ¬Å"Ku Klux Klanâ⬠have significantly reformed patterns within Americaââ¬â¢s settlements. The term ââ¬Å"nativismâ⬠is appealed for ethnic, religious, cultural or racial reasons. It is also referred as discrimination based on where you come from. The upsurge of nativism was causedRead MoreAnti- Immigration Attitudes in America Essay608 Words à |à 3 PagesThe ideologies of racism and nativism affect people by racially driven hate crimes and the overall human treatment of immigrants and foreigners today, and must be changed by first changing the anti-immigrant attitudes in America. The social structures of politics and laws affect both immigrants and U.S. citizens alike and can only be changed by reforming Americaââ¬â¢s immigration system. Racial prejudice and nativism are still social issues that define our present reality and affect us all. EverydayRead MoreThe Effects Of Nativism1490 Words à |à 6 Pagesopportunity, their American Dream? As a result of concerns such as these, the belief in Nativism became strongly held by the American people, which was commonly showcased through family values, private organizations, and federal laws. However, Nativism wasnââ¬â¢t universal. Advocates for Chinese immigration, such as Mark Twain and Jane Addams, supported immigrantââ¬â¢s attempts at Americanized living, despite criticisms. Nativism originated from the belief and fear of the economic and social repercussions of ChineseRead MoreEth/125 Week61601 Words à |à 7 Pages 5. The fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners is known as a. nativism. b. xenophobia. c. ethnocentrism. d. racism. 6. The most important force causing people to emigrate has been a. war. b. political repression. c. economic. d. religion. 7. Beliefs and policies favoring native-born citizens over immigrants is called a. racism. b. ethnocentrism. c. nativism. d. absolute deprivation. 8. Border deaths along the United States-MexicoRead MoreAfrican Authors And The African Diaspora1455 Words à |à 6 PagesHunger by Marechera has been used as a secondary reference. The paper presents the various reactions highlighted in the works, and then seeks to analyse and argue for possible reasons for the presented reactions, touches upon the theme of African nativism, and most importantly analyses colonial power structures that still dominate the discourse in and about Africa. The following paragraph presents some illustrations of the reactions towards the English African diaspora characterised by Aidooââ¬â¢s workRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Prejudice And Prejudice804 Words à |à 4 Pagesof what prejudice means, Judice translates to judge in Latin, therefore the term ââ¬Å"prejudiceâ⬠literally translates into ââ¬Å"pre-judgmentâ⬠. There are innumerable forms of negative preconceived notions that exist in our world today, the biggest one being racism, which often is a stem of having anti-immigration views. Immigration prejudice is not unknown to any person who lives in America and has eyes and ears to know it exists, but itââ¬â¢s important to know that prejudice is not innate, it is learned, and asRead More History of Latino/a Immigration to the U.S. Essay1475 Words à |à 6 Pagesmyths provides a realization that it is important not to formulate polices based on preconceptions of racialized groups. Therefore, reforming immigration policies is a complex issue and must be handled properly without any racism or nativism. Creating policies based on racism or natives would only deny the equal access to opportunities for immigrants to achieve the American dream. Nativists are campaigning for tighter immigration restrictions because all of the Latino/as, particularly the MexicansRead MoreContemporary Issues Stemming From Racial Oppression787 Words à |à 4 Pagesfeel adverse to diversity, and this has resulted in most of them feeling dislike for students that are different than them. 6. What racist practices was I taught in school? A. A major practice that was perpetrated within my school would be aversive racism; in which race was not discussed, and if it was would result in little or no changes to some of the racist practices. Oftentimes people within my community would look for ways to avoid talking directly about race; however would make ill-suited jokesRead MoreImmigration In The 19th Century Essay895 Words à |à 4 Pagesmade up as much as 70 percent of all immigrants. This is a dramatic increase considering that in midcentury these immigrants only made up 1 percent of the immigrant population. This overhaul of new immigrants led to severe hostility, bias, and nativism. Nativism is the belief that native-born white Americans were superior to newcomers. Competition for jobs and housing had never been higher in the late 19th century. America was in an economic recession and most immigrants were willing to work for muchRead MoreRacism : African American Land And African Slave Trade900 Words à |à 4 Pages Racism is a quandary thatââ¬â¢s all too familiar in our modern society. Itââ¬â¢s an issue that dates back thousands of years and is very much noticeable in American history. Since the domination of Native American land and African Slave Trade, weââ¬â¢ve come a long way, but racism still has a lingering presence and perhaps always will. The years between 1870 and 1900 began the age of segregation. The late 19th century in the US involved the increase of both nativism and racism. White supremacy lasted with traditions Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-11970294165399601392020-05-06T14:33:00.001-07:002020-05-06T14:33:33.780-07:00The Causes Of Segregation - 1472 Words One of the biggest problems in the world is segregation, which is something that not everyone talks about. There are programs, clubs, billboards, and propaganda that try to send a message to society about segregation. But are people really listening? To me segregation means to make certain groups, and divide them because of their differences. When I hear the word segregation, I automatically think of race, because that is societies bias makes people think. Many people think that each race has to follow their own culture, and I do not agree with that. There are thousands of different culture all around the world, with their own unique types of celebration. How would a human being not what to explore one in the world? Segregation is a realâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The Government tried to separate people of 3 groups into suburban communities, white people, middle-class and the lower-middle class. The Government did not include African-Americans, and other colored people in the com munities, instead they were pushed into urban housing projects. I do not agree with this because there was been many laws that prevents and ââ¬Å"eliminatedâ⬠division of people. The FHA was in a project of mass-producing entire subdivision for whites, and the only requirements was to not sell any of the homes or any homes near the new houses to black people or else their loans would be in risk. In the New Deal, the Federal government made maps of color-coded. The map indicated where it was saf to insure mortgages and anywhere where African-Americans lived, which was colored red to indicate the neighborhoods that were too risky to insure mortgages. Some African-American families were able to buy the homes, but were prohibited to by the FHA. Now in day, the houses would cost as minimal as $300,000-$400,000. Later in the 1968, the FHA letââ¬â¢s African-American families buy homes in Daly City or Levittown, but no families would because the houses were no longer affordable . This was one of the biggest problems that caused Milwaukee to become so segregated. And when there is a cause, there comes an effect. Segregation effects not just one gender or one race, it affects all humans in many types of reasons. There areShow MoreRelatedIndirect Causes Of De Juure Segregation700 Words à |à 3 Pages1. De jure segregation is segregation enforced by the law. De jure segregation has been banned in the United States since the 1950ââ¬â¢s but that doesnââ¬â¢t eliminate segregation as a whole in the country. De facto segregation is, ââ¬Å"the segregation of races by fact rather than by legal requirementsâ⬠. This means that segregation can take place indirectly from lawful decision making. Examples of de jure segregation is through the drawing of district lines, the residential patterns and the parentsââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"choiceâ⬠Read MoreThe Impact Of Urban Population And The Current Causes Social Segregation944 Words à |à 4 Pagesnegatively impact on the urban population and the current causes social segregation. Regarding the recent academic research in human geography field, can be possible to associate this social segregation with the ââ¬Ëgentrificationââ¬â¢. Thus, the gentrification can be defined as the dynamic process that displaces the local and low-income population of the district due to the urban revitalization of the area. Exploration of the social segregation in the Australian context (Melbourne and Sydney), might beRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 19641689 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended state and local laws that involved segregation, prohibiting legal discrimination based on ethnicity, color, race, sex, and religion. Now, after much time has passed, people can pose the question: how prominent is segregation in todayââ¬â¢s society? In particular, Chicago, the third largest city in the United States, poses interesting dynamics concerning this question. For one, the city consistently has high crime and murder rates in specific areas, while other partsRead MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.1139 Words à |à 5 Pagespity, and Martin Luther King Jr. uses it to his advantage by pointing out many examples of the harsh treatment towards the black people. For example, he makes the statement, ââ¬Å"Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, ââ¬Å"Wait.â⬠But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have seen the hate filled policemen curse, kick and even kill your black brothers and sisters; whenRead MoreEssay on Occupational Segregation994 Words à |à 4 PagesOccupational Segregation Since the beginning of time, from all accounts, there has been some form of inequality between genders in society. This has become especially true in the workplace and for some people occupational segregation may be to blame. Occupational segregation is the grouping of similar jobs at similar workplaces. Not to be confused with job segregation which looks at specific jobs within specific workplaces, occupational segregation focuses on the occupation as a whole. An exampleRead MoreSegregation And Effects On African American Communities1523 Words à |à 7 PagesAndrew Garcia Dr. Markel 23rd July 2015 Phil 483 Segregation and Effects on African-American Communities I suppose the majority of society would have the illusion that segregation in the United States died with the Civil Rights Act in 1964 and Brown v Board of Education of Topeka in 1954. What most fail to realize is the profound, and devastating effect segregation continues to have on minorities, particularly the African American communities. Throughout the relative young history of the UnitedRead MoreMilwaukee Of The Civil Rights Movement1287 Words à |à 6 Pagesopportunities, poverty, and segregation.Racial segregation in Milwaukee and around the world has always been a phenomenon with intricate historical roots. The complex history of slavery, employment discrimination, tax inequity, redlining, discriminatory housing policies, and multiple other issue have lead Milwaukee to be segregated. Despite the fact that Milwaukeeââ¬â¢s has a unique history, social forces and government policies created and reinforced residential segregation throughout the united states, so whyRead MoreRa cial Segregation Within The United States780 Words à |à 4 Pagescontemporary debate regarding the distinctive patterns of poverty among African Americans revolves around the question, ââ¬Å"is it class or race that causes (and perpetuates) such misfortune of African Americans?â⬠Scholars have looked at patterns of residential segregation in their attempts to answer such a question. Massey and Denton explore racial residential segregation in the United States throughout the 20th century. They argue that the making and concentration of the (African American) underclass in innerRead MoreThe Letter From A Birmingham Jail865 Words à |à 4 PagesBeverly Daniel Tatum, race relations are a main topic. While King writes about the effects and injustices of segregation, Beverly writes about the causes of self-segregation. These two works have a few things in common that is discussed, such as the inferiority complex that may stem from the segregation, racism and segregation cause mis trust and contempt, and racism is the cause for segregation. These three things are common between the two works, while King writes about the injusticeââ¬â¢s taking placeRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s Essay550 Words à |à 3 Pagessituation: ââ¬Å"just carve on my tombstone, Here lies a Black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man. Some took up draft resistance in protest. The refusal to comply with segregation laws within the military was punished with custody. Returning to segregation at the end of the war caused the politicisation of many black Americans. The ensuing civil disobedience campaign, the non-violent resistance to the law, was one of the catalysts of the civil Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-35495357136883526122020-05-05T15:33:00.001-07:002020-05-05T15:33:05.853-07:00Empirical Investigation of Structural Breaks â⬠MyAssignmenthelp Question: Disacuss about the Empirical Investigation of Structural Breaks. Answer: Introduction: IMF effectiveness is dependent on whether the players see it as impartial and competent. According to the article, IMF is like a referee officiating a football match where it depends if the players see it as impartial and competent (Eun and Resnick, 2014). The effectiveness of this institution are limited by failure to meet its challenges. As an advisor, the institutions impartiality is called into question because it doesnt always know what to advise. According to the article, there are four challenges that pose a threat to the legitimacy of the IMF and thus the institutions capacity to execute its main functions (Kirton, 2009). Organizing surveillance through which the institution monitors policies made by its member countries both financial and economic policies is the first unmet challenge. This highlights possible risks to advises that are needed on policy adjustments. The funds original mandate was to focus on engaging in ruthless truth telling that would make exchange rates to be stable. However, the surveillance moved from the main focus of exchange rates issues to virtually everything and anything with implications for financial and economic stability (Levi, 2016). There is no longer the blunt truth telling as envisaged and this can be clearly shown because the fund did not warn the U.S of the subprime crisis , the Greek debt crisis or the global financial crisis. On the three events, the IMF batted 0 to 3 showed that it has no capacity to highlight risks to stability. The second unmet challenge is the conditionality that IMF gives its loans out with. This is the commitment that governments makes in terms of policy in order to receive assistance (Imf., 2016). The disagreements comes in when questions of the number of commitments and what kind of commitments that the IMF asks from the governments. This is because in some of the commitments , the IMF infringes on the sovereignty of the member country and so according to the article, the member countries do not view the IMF institution as an institution that is out here trying to promote the welfare of the individual member states (Hartley, 2011). If the IMF and the member country have similar objectives , why are there conditions set in the first place. The third unmet challenge is that there is disagreement about the role of IMF in sovereign debt management. This challenge is created by the absence of a legal framework that is needed to resolve debt crises , also contributing to this challenge is the existence of multiple stakeholders and transaction costs that are significant. Confusion is brought about when we consider the form that involvement should take (O'brien, 2017). IMF should provide liquidity assistance when the debt that a member country holds is sustainable but private investors are not able to provide coordination in the provision of liquidity required and they only facilitate to debt restructure when the burden of debt is unsustainable. Deep questions arises when statements about whether debt sustainability concept is meaningful and whether the IMF is able to determine a member states sustainable debt. In reflecting on this uncertainties, the institution has continued to lend to its member states and put off the restructuring decision. This model allows investors to create a moral hazard and cut their losses. This is because restructuring disrupts the economy and is also costly for the country. The fourth unmet challenge according to the article is impartiality problem by the fund which is an issue raise due to governance problems (Grath, 2005). When members have disproportionate voice which enables some member states to sway decision making and make decisions that are in line with their national interest, this is seen as if the institution is not partial. Some of the decision made by some member states that have a lot of influence are at odds with both the interest of the stability of the IMF and its membership. Also, some members are inadequately represented and they see the decisions made by the funds as neglecting their interests. Consequently, the two sides are reluctant to give IMF the autonomy in choosing tactics and designing programs. The failure by the IMF to meet the four challenges causes its impartiality and competence to be questions by those who criticize its modus operandi (Bodie and Merton, 2001). The funds inability to solve these challenges leads members to question its legitimacy according to the article. Legitimacy determines if the governments and their constituencies will to bend to its authority and accept its recommendations. According to political theorists, legitimacy has two sources. The publics assessment about the performance of the Fund is referred to as output legitimacy. If the funds advice brings in good results, then the agents would be willing to acknowledge its authority. Second, input legitimacy refers to the process through which power is exercised and decisions are reached. The first three challenges , that is , surveillance, conditionality relevance and the utility of the funds approach to debt problems can be solved through output legitimacy (Costa, 2006). On the other hand, the fourth challenge which is the funds failure to adopt a system of governance raises questions about its input legitimacy. The legitimacy problem will have to be solved so that the fund can be effective in its mandate. Today, there are several theories that explain the formation of the exchange rate and the nature of its dynamics. So, one of the most famous theories is the theory of purchasing power parity (or ability) (Power Purchasing Parity). According to this doctrine, the rates of any two currencies must be adjusted one to one according to the change in the price levels in these two countries. A simple example gives an idea of the action of PPP theory and International Fishers effect Summing up, it can be pointed out that the currency purchasing power parity doctrine can be a good tool for forecasting the exchange rate provided there are significant differences in the price levels of the countries being compared (Shapiro, 2014). The accuracy of the exchange rate forecast is a derivative of the accuracy of the forecast of price levels in the two countries, and therefore the time range of applying the principles of PPP is measured from one to five years. The forecast rate for a period of less than one year is not justified for the inability to get rid of many random factors in the main trend of the development of the phenomenon. This is the presence of a lag between price changes and adjustments to this exchange rate, and intra-annual seasonal and conjunctural fluctuations. Forecasts for more than five years can have a significant error. The PPP theory has rather limited forecasting possibilities, gives an idea of the prerequisites for long-term behavior of exchange rates, but can not explain the run-up of rates for short periods. The key to understanding the behavior of the exchange rate in the short term is consideration currencies that form the exchange rate from the position of the asset market and the theory of demand for assets (Manzur, 2008). The modern approach to the asset market stresses that, for short periods (less than a year), the decision to own domestic or foreign assets (that is, cash in national or foreign currency) will play a much greater role in determining the exchange rate than the demand for export or import goods. Those. export-import flows are considered as secondary exchange rate factors. According to the theory of demand for assets, the most important factor that affects the demand for domestic (national) and foreign money (t his time we consider the non-cash form of cash) is the expected return on these assets relative to each other friend The expected income for the deposit of a certain currency in the transfer to foreign currency consists of the interest rate of this currency and its expected price (+) or depreciation (-). When, for example, Americans or foreigners expect that the income on dollar deposits will be higher than the income on deposits in euros, then the demand for dollar deposits will be higher and, accordingly, the lower one for deposits in euros This will encourage investors to convert funds into current assets. Nevertheless, at the end of the investment period, they may incur exchange rate losses e changes in the exchange rate, which, with a surplus, will block the interest income. To prevent such losses, investors must enter into fixed-term contracts, i. agreements with the redemption of currency, at the rate of "spot" plus the interest earned on the invested assets. These agreements from interest arbitrage is a connecting link between the difference in interest rates of the national money markets of the two countries and the forward rates of the respective currencies (Madura, 2012). This link acts as the basis of the theory of interest parity. To understand the mechanism of the action of this theory, one should consider its formalized form. Purchasing power parity is an economic theory that states that people in a given country should be able to buy services and goods at a price that is similar to people from another country. The theory states that once the exchange rate difference is accounted for, then all the prices of goods and services would be the same. The ability of purchasing power is illustrated by real per capita spending. The basis for calculating PPP used by organizations such as UNDP is Gross National Product (GNP) (Olekalns, 2001). Since GNP cannot be compared directly, an International Comparison Project (ICP) is formed which aims to "adjust" the real GDP rate, so it can be compared. For this purpose is determined a number of commodities as a package for the basis of comparison internationally. The resulting number, to reflect the standard benefits, is then "adjusted" again with the Atkinson formula. This adjustment is deemed necessary, as a $ 500 increase for a country that already has a GNP of US $ 500 0 will have a different benefit from the same increase for a new country with a GNI of US $ 1000. On the other hand, the international Fishers effect theory states that a change that is expected in the exchange rate between currencies of two currencies is roughly equivalent to the difference between their nominal interest rates(Holmes, 2002). Using the interest rate difference to explain the occurrence of changes in foreign exchange rates. IFE theory is closely related to theory of PPP because interest rates are often correlated closely with the rate of inflation, therefore it can be concluded that the difference in interest rates which occurs between several countries can be caused by the difference in the rate of inflation. On the theory of Interest Rate Parity and Power Parity Purchasing, the theory allows us to estimate the future of the exchange rate expected. Interest Rate Parity is related to risk-free interest rate while Purchasing Power Parity theory of exchange rate is related to an inflation rate. Putting them together basically tells us that interest rates are risk-free related to the rate of inflation (Valsamakis, Vivian and Du Toit, 2010). This brings us to the International Fisher Effect, The international Fisher effect states that the real interest rate is the same across countries. Real interest in risk-free rate minus the inflation rate. Real interest rates are generally used more often compared with the nominal interest rate to measure currency exchange rate movements. The nominal interest rate is not an accurate measuring tool, because it still contains inflation element inside. International Fisher Impacts Impact The relationship between the difference between the two countries' interest rates and the expected change in exchange rates under IFE is as follows: first, the actual return for investors is the interest rate offered on the securities market term deposit money banking short, where the investor's actual return depends on the foreign interest rate if and the change of the foreign exchange. According to IFE, the effective return of foreign investment should, on average, be an effective return on investment domestic, therefore, IFE states that estimates of investment in local money market investments: Where r is an effective return on foreign deposits and i is the deposit interest rate of the country of origin. Then it can determine as evidenced above, the IFE theory states that when interest if, e will be positive because of the relatively small foreign interest rate reflecting the relatively low estimated foreign inflation, in other words, foreign currency will appreciate when foreign interest rates are smaller compared to origin interest rate. A financial derivative is an agreement between two parties where the payments conditions are also agreed by the two parties. Derivatives are from underlying assets such as contracts, swaps or even stocks. Some of the conditions include purchasing the asset at the price and at the date which the underlying asset achieves that price(Valsamakis, Vivian and Du Toit, 2010).. A common derivative is a call option that gives the buyer the option but not the obligation to buy the stock at a certain date and at a certain price. The PPP and IFE theories make derivatives unnecessary because of the inflation factor. As we know, the two theories factor in inflation of underlying assets but derivatives are meant to protect the buyer from purchasing the underlying asset with inflation factored in. Advantages of derivatives Transactions of derivatives take place in future therefore giving a chance to individuals and traders to execute all sorts of strategies in the futures and options Therefore, if the individual want to short some stock for a long time they can do it in this market. There is benefit of leverage in this market because people can transact huge transactions with small amounts hence trading with derivatives requires a less amount of money. Derivatives are a great risk management tool with a lot of benefit to the user. There are several criticisms that associated with these theories. The purchasing power parity theory does not factor in the tarrifs and the demand for derivatives can be different. Also another criticism of this theory is the differing taxes in different regions. Evaluate the differing ways in which derivatives can protect against the failings of IFE and PPP. As speculators take a market risk position, speculation is a spare part that makes futures and options markets(derivative market) work well and efficiently w. A speculator in futures trading is one goal, which is profit (profit) from its success in anticipating price movements. The time horizon of the speculator is very different from the hedger, commercial users, and other professional users, therefore tends to act as a bridge between large market users and other market users, with different time horizons. So speculation is a major component because the speculator improves market liquidity, and also increases market efficiency. A speculator in futures trading is with one goal, which is to profit from its success in anticipating price movements. Inflation and interest rates challenges are overcome by these speculation. Hedging is a strategy created to reduce the occurrence of unexpected business risks which includes inflation, in addition to the possibility of profit from the investment. Differential interest rates Differential interest rates between the two countries predict future changes in spot exchange rates. In the financial risk hedge, there are factors that cause exchange rate changes (Manzur, 2008). Knowledge of this will help in forecasting the direction of currency movement. These factors include differential inflation, monetary policy, trade balance, the balance of payments, international monetary reserve, national budget, and deferential interest rate, and associated currency behavior, unofficial exchange rate, forward exchange quotes. Not all hedges are financial instruments. For example, a producer who exports to another country can hedge the currency exchange risk by calculating his production costs in the currency he wants (Taylor, 2013). The following ways that derivatives can protect from the failings of IFE and PPP theories. References Bodie, Z. and Merton, R. (2001).Finance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Costa, C. (2006).Introducing finance. Chichester: John Wiley. Eun, C. and Resnick, B. (2014).International finance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Grath, A. (2005).International trade finance. London: Nordia Publishing for the Institute of Export. Hartley, W. (2011).International finance. [Place of publication not identified]: Bibliolife. Holmes, A. (2002). Risk Management. Chichester: Capstone Pub. Imf. (2016).Forecasting at the imf. [Place of publication not identified]: Intl Monetary Fund. Kirton, J. (2009).International finance. Aldershot: Ashgate. Levi, M. (2016).International finance. London [u.a.]: Routledge. Madura, J. (2012).International financial management. Mason, Ohio: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Manzur, M. (2008).Purchasing power parity. Cheltenham (Reino Unido): Edward Elgar. O'brien, T. (2017).Applied International Finance. [S.L.]: Business Expert Press. Olekalns, N. (2001).An empirical investigation of structural breaks in the ex ante Fisher effect. Melbourne, Victoria. Shapiro, A. (2014).Multinational financial management. Hoboken (NJ): J. Wiley. Taylor, M. (2013).Purchasing Power Parity and Real Exchange Rates. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Valsamakis, A., Vivian, R. and Du Toit, G. (2010).Risk management. Sandton: Heinemann. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-63128269169034271552020-04-04T03:05:00.001-07:002020-04-04T03:05:02.791-07:00Educatinal Views And Ideas Essays - Philippine Culture, Educatinal Views And Ideas INTRODUCTION Philippines, republic in the western Pacific Ocean, made up of the Philippine Islands and forming in physical geography a part of the Malay Archipelago. Situated about 1210 km (about 750 mi.) east of the coast of Vietnam, the Philippines is separated from Taiwan on the north by the Bashi Channel. The republic is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea, on the south by the Celebes Sea, and on the west by the South China Sea. The country comprises about 7100 islands, of which only about 460 are more than 2.6 sq. km (more than 1 sq. mi.) in area. Eleven islands have an area of more than 2590 sq. km (more than 1000 sq. mi.) each and contain the bulk of the population. These islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, and Masbate. The total area of the Philippines is about 300,000 sq. km (about 115,830 sq. mi.). Manila is the capital and largest city of the Philippines. This geographical condition of the Philippines made it very accessible and very easy to penetrate by foreign people. THE FILIPINO CHARACTER It may be said that the Filipinos are intelligent, with retentive memory, quick perception, and talents for art and science. They also are gentle, friend] y, and cheerful people, noted for their courtesy and hospitality. Filipinos are famous not only for their warm hospitality, but also for their close family ties. The parents work hard and sacrifice much for their children; in return, the children love and respect them and take good care of them in their old age. Filipinos owing to their beautiful country are passionately romantic. They are ardent in love, as they are fierce in battle. They are born poets, musicians and artists. Filipinos are a liberty-loving and brave people. They valiantly resisted the Spanish, American and Japanese invaders of their native land. They rank among the bravest people of the world. Filipino courage has been proven in the Battle of Mactan (1521), in the Battle of Tirad Pass (1899), in the battle of Bataan, Corregidor, Bessang Pass during World War II, and in many other battlefields. Gratitude is another sterling trait of the Filipinos. They are grateful to those who have granted them favors of who are good to them. Their high sense of gratitude is expressed in the phrase Utang na loob (debt of honor). Filipinos are cooperative. They value the virtue of helping each other and other people. They cherish the ancestral trait of bayanihan, which means cooperation. In rural areas, when a man is building, repairing or transferring a house to another place, the neighbors come to help him. Foreign writers assert that the Filipinos are indolent. In reality they work hard in the face of very adverse conditions. They work on the farms from sunrise to sunset, though not from noon to 3 p.m. due to the scorching heat. They work hard in the sugarcane and pineapple plantations in Hawaii, the fruit orchards of California, the fish canneries of Alaska, and in the oil wells of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other Arab countries of the Middle East. Finally, the Filipinos are noted for their durability and resiliency. Through the ages they have met all kinds of calamities--revolts, revolutions, wars, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons and epidemics. Unlike the Polynesians of Oceania and the Indians of North Central and South Americas, they did not vanish by contact with the white race. They can assimilate any civilization and thrive in any climate. Against the adversities of life or nature, they merely bend, but never break. They possess the formidable durability of the narra tree and the resiliency of the bamboo. BODY TEXT FILIPINO HISTORY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE EMERGENCE OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE: Philippine history has often been described as an amalgam of regional developments and outside influences. Excavations in archeological sites have proven that during prehistoric times, the native Negritos came in contact with Malays and Indonesians who left their ancestral home in Southeast Asia by crossing the seas in their sailboats (balangay), and settled the Philippine archipelago. Inter-racial marriages took place among them and out of these racial mixtures emerged the Filipino people. The early Filipino Malay ancestors brought with them their culture--food and drinks, community life, government and Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-66805719069666198472020-03-08T12:17:00.001-07:002020-03-08T12:17:03.217-07:00Keynesian Economics essaysKeynesian Economics essays John Maynard Keynes is uncertainly one the most important figures in the history of modern economics. The son of the Cambridge economist and logician John Neville Keynes, John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge, England on June 5, 1883. Keynes was educated in Britains most elite institutions, Eton and then King's College Cambridge. In 1906, he entered the British civil service for a little while and worked in the Indian Treasury as a junior clerk. However, unsatisfied with the work he returned in 1908 to teach economics in Cambridge. In India he learned the demands of government service. In 1911 he became the editor of the Economic Journal, a position he would hold almost until the end of his life. During this time Keynes wrote his first economic book first book on Indian currency which was directly related to his experience at the India office. From 1914 to 1918, Keynes was called to the UK Treasury to aid with the financing of the British war economy. He excelled at his job and the authority he gained earned him a position with the British delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference in 1918. Keynes was dismayed at the unfair nature of the peace settlement, and was particularly opposed to the overwhelming consequences of the heavy "reparations" payments forced on Germany. In 1919 he resigned from the conference and in respond to the treaty he published his Economic Consequences of the Peace disapproving the Treaty of Versailles After returning to Cambridge in 1921, Keynes published his Treatise on Probability, where he took apart the classical theory of probability and started what now known as the "logical-relationist" theory of probability. Throughout the 1920s, Keynes remained active in public policy debates, guided mainly through his many articles in the Nation and Atheneum. He also wrote two famous pieces in condemnation of laissez-faire economic policy. In 1925 he married the R ... Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-39802902452942928702020-02-21T02:44:00.001-08:002020-02-21T02:44:02.761-08:00Methodology for a sociology class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsMethodology for a sociology class - Essay Example Immediately we looked the Mission District which works with a large number of the Latino, Chicano, Central and South American immigrant population. We also looked at the Dolores Street Community Services Center. This center works to provide many homeless people with affordable housing and helps empower some of its low-income residents living in San Francisco. We met Marlon Mendieta, the Housing Program Director of Dolores Street Community Service Center. She gave us a short summary on her center. She explained to us the steps they are taking in order to help underprivileged people in their community. She also provided us with information on how they are trying to create a healthy community where everybody has equal rights regardless of income, immigration or health status. After we spoke with Mrs. Mendieta we went to the womens building where we interviewed Yeni Solis, the Reception Coordinator. She explained the centers mission statement to us and told us that their goal is to empower women and girls in the society by providing them with services and programs to become more self-sufficient. The last stop for our team was The Mission Cultural Center Latino where we met Christina who was originally from Argentina . She told us about her unique experience with the center. She has been taking dancing classes and she told us how she is happy about being more involved with community. All of these centers gave us a more defining picture on the immigrants life in an urban community and a centers role in helping them adjust to life in America. Our group chose to not just browse the internet but to go to these centers and interview the staff and the immigrants. We wanted to have a genuine experience and to see exactly how the immigrants are living and adjusting to life in the Unites Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-16140262463281741262020-02-05T03:42:00.001-08:002020-02-05T03:42:02.429-08:00Organization and Organizational Change AssignmentOrganization and Organizational Change - Assignment Example With time constraint, management must maximize its time to alleviating the most pressing problems or issues. By identifying the actual performances, management can focus more time on the poor performances. After the poor performances are resolved, management can focus on improving the poor performance activities. Next, the author rightfully observes change management can allocate time to increasing performance outputs. Finally, management can use the remaining time to increase the average-rated activities. Resolving the above average performances, management can now use any possible time to ensuring retention of the best rated performances. Dean Anderson emphasized ââ¬Å"different factors contribute to the change management processâ⬠(Anderson 31). The author correctly states that several factors are used in the formulation of the change management decisions. One of the factors is the competitors. When the competitor reduces its selling prices, the other competitors are persuaded to reduce their selling prices. Further, another factor is technology. When the author rightfully insists some competitors introduce new product technologies, all competitors are persuaded to acquire similar or even better product technology. For example, one company offers online booking services to its current and future customers. To retain customers, competitors are persuaded to implement similar online booking or marketing services. Furthermore, the author correctly insists changes in government statutes contribute to responsive change management strategies. For example, some governments require companies to reduce their factory smoke stack emissions. Consequently, management must comply. New government policies may require factory facilities to stop including all ozone layer damaging ingredients in the production process. Professor Robert Paton (51) emphasized ââ¬Å"Companies must do their best to alleviate any resistance.â⬠Some employees dislike learning Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-41301050029272516142020-01-28T00:06:00.001-08:002020-01-28T00:06:02.320-08:00Marks and Spencer: Structure and CultureMarks and Spencer: Structure and Culture 1. INTRODUCTION Marks Spencer is British institution. Opened in 1884, the company emerged as a major retailer of clothes, food, household items and financial services. By 1997, Marks Spencer was an international company with sales of over à £8 billion and very high net profit margins. However, the group experienced a shocking reversal in fortune at the turn of the 21st Century when its main customer base, women aged between 35 and 55 began to stop shopping at their stores. This posed a very serious threat to the companys survival and Marks Spencer thought hard and long about how to rectify the situation. It did so by introducing bold new moves changing its corporate culture and by strengthening existing systems and processes. By doing so, the company was able to regain its loyal customers and grow once again. Yet, the last few years have been challenging as the company was badly affected by the global economic crisis. This report outlines the changing structure and culture at Marks Spencers. It provides a comparison of the contributions of the key business functions to the organizational change. It also identifies the key stakeholders of the organization and the key issues of managing them. Finally, a SWOT analysis is done for Marks Spencer along with an assessment of its long term future prospects. 2. CHANGING CORPORATE CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE All organizations have their own cultures, which consist of the values and beliefs shared by its members which determine to a considerable degree how managers respond to problems and opportunities. But corporate culture can become static and excessively bureaucratic over time, even among successful organizations (Huff et al, 2009). An organizational culture is powerful because it automatically shapes the way members see their world. Any culture is deeply rooted in beliefs and values that members have internalized. When beliefs and values are held without challenge for a long period of time, they are even less likely to be questioned (Robbins and Judge, 2007). The norms rarely change to accommodate those who deviate from them. Inertia sets in and employees become stuck in a rut. Employees become resistant to change and are unwilling to do things differently because they involve inconvenience and uncertainty. This could ultimately destroy the company. Like most successful organizations, Marks Spencer was a victim of its own success. Its corporate culture because inflexible, rigid and resistant to change because it was felt that since the company was successful, there was no need to change. Deeply entrenched was a sense of employee entitlement regarding remuneration and working hours. However, when it became clear that the old culture was unable to cope with changing demands of the marketplace, the top management decided on a major revamp. As a result, employees became less resistant to change and began to embrace new ways of doing things. Employees were willing to work for longer hours if it meant better pay and they were less resistant to the fact that they might lose their jobs if the company performed poorly. They were also sent for learning and education programs to equip them with new skills sets so that they were better able to cope with changes in the working environment. All these efforts contributed to the change in corporate culture which is now more dynamic and flexible. A number of major changes were also made to the organizational structure. The formal chain of command was flattened to a certain extent and in doing so the company became more agile and responsive to changes in customer demand and taste. The regional management structure was simplified to delegate more responsibility to individual store managers to give them more autonomy. 3. CONTRIBUTIONS OF KEY BUSINESS FUNCTIONS TO ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES 3.1 Finance The finance function plays a critical role at Marks Spencer in cutting costs and eliminating unnecessary expenditure. The entire value chain was examined to determine where and how costs could be trimmed. As a result, the company was able to reduce costs, provide better prices to the customers and improve its overall profitability. Ultimately, it is the shareholders who stand to gain the most from the initiatives made in terms of maximization of shareholder wealth. 3.2 Marketing To attract new customers and retain existing customers at Marks Spencer, the marketing function critically examined the cause of declining sales. The main cause negative customer perception of its main customer base women aged between 35 and 55 that the clothes sold at Marks Spencer were unfashionable and even dowdy. Therefore, the marketing function decided to split up the long-cherished St Michaels brand into a number of categories to cater for different customer needs. Consequently, the company launched three new product categories for women (www.marksandspencer.com, 2011). The first, the Perfect and Classic ranges were for basic purposes, for example jeans, sweaters and plain shirts. The second range, Autograph is for the more fashionable woman of a larger demographic group. The final range, per una, is targeted at the younger woman of ages 25 to 35 and is of average dress size. By segmenting its products for different markets, the company was able to regain most of the sales it lost. Different marketing campaigns are held for each range and this makes the companys products appear more attractive to customers. 3.3 Operations A number of critical changes were made to the companys operations. For one, the supply chain was made leaner and in doing so, the company made substantial savings. Fewer suppliers were used and this facilitated transparency and response time. The lead time was reduced and the company placed a greater emphasis on timeliness and quality. These contribute to leaner operations which lead to higher profits. 3.4 Human Resource This function is critical to the successful implementation of a strategy. The HRM function at Marks Spencer played an important role in changing employee mindset and modifying the corporate culture to be more attuned to the changes that need to occur (Hitt et al, 2004). As a result, employees were more receptive to change and aware of the sacrifices they need to make. 4. KEY STAKEHOLDERS The key stakeholders of Marks Spencer are shareholders, management, employees and customers. The following diagram shows their relative importance and power: Power of Stakeholders Meet Their Needs Key Player B, C A D Least Important Show Consideration Interest Key: A Shareholders B Management C Customers D Employees 5. MANAGING KEY STAKEHOLDERS Shareholders would like to maximize their wealth. Share maximization is through share price appreciation and dividends (Aaker, 1996). Therefore, satisfying this group would require increasing profits and the company profile. Management is concerned about maintaining control over operations. Their goals are sometimes similar to that of shareholders but in some cases they differ (Daniels et al, 2007). Hence, there is the agency problem. The employees at Marks Spencer are most concerned about job security and work conditions. Ideally, they would like jobs that pay well and have good hours. However, this may be incompatible with the goal of wealth maximization of shareholders as employee benefits will erode profits. Similarly, if employees are unionized, they may cause problems to management and reduce its influence. Hence, management must strike a balance between making employees and shareholders happy. Customers are concerned about satisfying their needs and wants. Managing them effectively would require Marks Spencer to improve its product offering to make satisfied customers who make repeat purchases. 6. SWOT ANALYSIS 6.1 (S)trengths Excellent control system for suppliers, inventory and layout of stores. Very high quality products Efficient and modern production techniques Good understanding of its core customer base. 6.2 (W)eaknesses Generic clothing that is often perceived as unfashionable An image of being boring 6.3 (O)pportunities Global expansion Utilizing more overseas suppliers to achieve cost advantage Maximize use of existing technology to obtain competitive advantage 6.4 (T)hreats Competition with premium quality clothing manufacturers Competition with discount stores Economic downturn 7. FUTURE PROSPECTS Marks Spencer is facing a very difficult time. After its successful business turnaround, it is once again facing problems due to the recession. Indeed the next few years may be a very difficult time for the company. Not only is it facing competition from high end retailers but discount stores as well. Meanwhile, the middle class is shrinking and if the company does not take bold steps, it may collapse. To succeed, the company must grow its market share by penetrating new markets or new product lines. 8. CONCLUSION Marks Spencer is a company with a long history of success. To overcome its current difficulties, it must draw on its strengths, overcome its weaknesses and revamp its strategy to stay relevant and competitive. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-47688605733361045492020-01-19T20:27:00.001-08:002020-01-19T20:27:02.994-08:00Biometrics :: Science Technology EssaysBiometrics For most people when first hearing the word biometrics, they have an instant reaction to tune out. Just because the term sounds complicated and somewhat boring does not mean that the information behind the term is incredibly interesting and fun! When first discussing the term with others, I too thought it would be a typical boring computer topic. It was not until I began to research the topic, that I saw computers to be intriguing. One of my favorite aspects of the topic is what it initially reminds me of. I could not help but think of spy and other technical movies that show biometrics being used. The term biometrics, refers to the automated methods of categorizing a person, based on their behavioral, and physiological characteristics. What people may not know about biometric systems, is that the basis alone is from natures oldest way of identification. By determining these characteristics in an authentication inquiry, this information can then be saved in reference, for identification to determine if the user can be granted access to any private or secured location. This particular method of recognition is preferred to those such as, passwords, or pin numbers. Although these methods are still commonly used, with biometrics we are able to make sure the person being identified is physically present, and elements the hassle of remembering several passwords. These physiological techniques could include fingerprints, retinal scanning, voice patterning, facial recognitions, DNA analysis along with hand and finger geometry. Biometrics is such a rapidly improving technology, that has been previously used for years in forensics, such as identification, and prison security. While the behavioral techniques include handwriting and voice recognition, gait, and keystroke dynamics. By having these special techniques replacing pins, we are able to feel secure about unauthorized used of ATMââ¬â¢s cellular phones, desktop PCââ¬â¢s, and other personal securities. In addition to these currently password protected areas, biometrics can also replaces keys for automobiles, such as key-less entry. Trust in these areas of secured access, is essential to a happy and healthy environment. Even though there are several ways of detecting identity, the most popular has been the facial recognition and fingerprint matching. These techniques are expected to be added in aid for homeland security identification, at places such as airports, along with helping in reliable travel documents, and preventing ID theft. Along with th e important need for reliable homeland security, biometrics are important in areas such as financial transactions, retail sales, investing, electronic banking, law enforcement, and health and social services. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-78593792020349335242020-01-11T16:51:00.001-08:002020-01-11T16:51:02.887-08:00Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785 I)The Land Ordinance A. Adoption 1. The United States Congress adopted the Land Ordinance of 1785 in May 1785. 2. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Ordinance of 1784, which called for the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River to be divided. a. This ordinance did not exactly describe how the land would be settled, governed, or how the land would become a state. 3.The Land Ordinance of 1785 put the 1784 resolution in operation by providing mechanism for selling or settling the land. B. Goals and Accomplishments: 1. Due to the fact that Congress could not raise taxes, the main goal of the ordinance was to sell the unmapped territory west of the states acquired in 1783 through the Treaty of Paris and uses the income as federal profit. 2. Over three-fourths of the continental US was surveyed using the rectangular survey, which provided the following: a. Easily recognizable land descriptions . Economic, political, and social development in the townships. 4. The Ordinance divided the land into townships, six square miles each that were divided into 36 1 square mile sections. a. Each of the 36 sections were subdivided into portions of land that were sold or used for a specific purpose. b. Section 16 of every township was reserved for the maintenance of public schools. c. In later townships, section 36 was designated as a school section. d. Sections 8, 11, 26, and 29 were reserved for federal sale Related article: Land of Opportunity Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-25313992723267370232020-01-03T13:15:00.001-08:002020-01-03T13:15:03.984-08:00Henry Higgins - 1403 Words Henry Higgins Higgins is an extremely interesting character and the life of the play. Although the plays obvious concern is the metamorphosis of a common flower girl into a duchess, the development of Higgins character is also important. The play isnt only Elizas story. One also detects changes in Higgins or to be more precise he appears to the reader in a new light at the end. This is seen when he tells Eliza that he has grown accustomed to seeing her face and hearing her voice. This is not much of a sensitive display of emotions but it is quite different than the savage invective he hurled at her at the beginning of the play in Covent Garden. Higgins is portrayed as being highly educated. Apart from being a professor ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦At a certain level Higgins is an overgrown child. Shaw wrote in his stage directions that Higgins is, but for his years and size, rather like an impetuous baby taking notice eagerly and loudly, and requiring almost as much watching to keep him out of unintended mischief. His manner varies from genial bullying when he is in a good humor to stormy petulance when anything goes wrong, but he is so entirely frank and void of malice that he remains likeable even in his least reasonable moments. This trait of impetuous childishness in an otherwise extremely articulate and learned adult lends complexity to his characterization. This interpretation is confirmed by Higgins himself when he defends himself against the imagined notions held by Mrs. Pearce. He tells Colonel Pickering, Here I am, a shy, diffident sort of man. Ive never been able to feel really grown-up and tremendous, like other chaps. And yet shes firmly persuaded that Im an arbitrary overbearing bossing kind of person. I cant account for it. His blindness to his faults serves to endear the audience to him despite him being an egoist and a bully. It is important to note Higginss lack of interest in women. In Act Three, Higginss conversation with his mother regarding Elizas society appearance gradually turns to the topic of young women and his antipathy towards them. Higgins dismisses the idea of any romantic association with a faint contempt for the fairer sex and dismisses them asShow MoreRelated The Character of Henry Higgins in Pygmalion Essay1562 Words à |à 7 Pagescharacters are usually seen as mere puppets propelled by the crisis of the plot or as mouthpieces for his socialist viewpoint. However in Pygmalion,, Shaw vindicates himself of these charges by the creation of rounded and life-like characters such as Higgins and Eliza. Clearly they are not authorial stooges. They have a peculiar quality that leaves a lasting imprint on the readers memory. But there is some truth in the charge that Shaw created a mouthpiece for his own ideas and the character of AlfredRead MoreThe Misogynistic Henry Higgins1990 Words à |à 8 PagesThe Misogynistic Henry Higgins The key to understanding George Bernard Shawââ¬â¢s Pygmalion lies in understanding the power struggle between the ââ¬Å"havesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"have-notsâ⬠ââ¬â specifically the active and intentional disenfranchisement of women at the turn of the 20th century. At the core of Pygmalion there is a focus on the societal inequities of the day, with Shaw presenting societyââ¬â¢s treatment of women as property without rights and with little understanding of their surroundings or place in society.Read MoreCharacterisation of Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins in Shaws Pygmalion1730 Words à |à 7 PagesPygmalion is written by dramatist, playwright and critic George Bernard Shaw in the year 1912 and was first published in the year 1913. The drama revolves around three main characters ââ¬â Eliza Doolittle, Professor Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering ââ¬â who are all striving towards the same goal. That is, they want to be able to pass Eliza off as a Duchess rather than the flower girl from the London slums that she actually is. It starts as just a bet on the part of the Professor and the Colonel, butRead More Alernatiove Ending to George Bernard Shawà ´s Pygmalion Essay1070 Words à |à 5 PagesPygmalion Act V After Higgins, confesses to his undying love for Eliza. Eliza decides to leave Higginsââ¬â¢s home because felt that it would only hurt Higgins more to have her stay another moment in his home because she did not share the same feelings for him. She now resides at the home of Mrs. Higgins. Mrs. Higginsââ¬â¢s drawing room. She is at her writing-table as before. The parlor-maid comes in. THE PARLOR MAID [at the door]: Mr. Henry, madam, is downstairs MRS. HIGGINS: Well, show him up. Read MoreAnalysis Of Pygmalion By George Bernard Shaw1305 Words à |à 6 PagesThroughout the play, Pygmalion, by George Bernard Shaw, many of the characters represent different social class structures. They also resemble how the higher class citizens feel threatened by the lower class citizens. Protagonist Eliza Doolittle, Henry Higgins, and Mrs. Pearce are prime examples of characters who portray different roles in the Victorian social structure. This play takes place during the Victorian period in England where the upper , middle, and lower class were at different stages. ThisRead MoreGeorge Bernard Shaw s Pygmalion1463 Words à |à 6 Pagesoutward appearance (the way in which they spoke and dressed). People such as antagonist Henry Higgins of Pygmalion, in fact, only focused on a personââ¬â¢s facade; they were completely ignorant to peopleââ¬â¢s true identities. As a social activist during the early 1900s, Shaw chose to introduce the inc orrect judgment placed upon working class citizens to his wealthier audiences within his play Pygmalion. Henry Higgins finds poor flower girl Eliza and determines her a lost soul, deciding immediately he couldRead More What drove Eliza to change? What does it mean to be high class? 1502 Words à |à 7 PagesIn George Bernard Shawââ¬â¢s didactic, Victorian play Pygmalion, Linguistics Professor Henry Higginsââ¬â¢s perceptive ears are offended by the sound of Elizaââ¬â¢s lowly, Cockney accent, so he wishes to change it into a flawless, pleasant voice that would blend in among high society. Higgins is a sarcastic and rude character who treats Eliza badly throughout most of the play, sometimes not even acknowledging her presence. This brings up the question of why she tolerates his rudeness. What drove Eliza to changeRead MoreThemes of George Bernard Shaws Play Pygmalion Essay1156 Words à |à 5 Pagesstory of Henry Higgins, a master phonetician, and his mischievous plot to p ass a common flower girl, Eliza Doolittle, off as a duchess at the Embassy Ball. In order to achieve his goal, Higgins must teach Eliza how to speak properly and how to act in upper-class society. The play looks at middle class morality and upper-class superficiality, and reflects the social ills of nineteenth century England, and attests that all people are worthy of respect and dignity. Shaws Pygmalion is Henry HigginsRead MoreHow Does Shaw Present the Relationship Between Eliza and Higgins and to What Extent Does the Audience Find It Funny.1500 Words à |à 6 Pagesungraceful ivory to a stunning female statue. Shaw emphasises, social class and manners through the play of his version of Pygmalion . I will be analysing these affects and how they are comedic to the audience. At the heart of these aspects are Henry Higgins and Eliza Doolittle, a relationship that Shaw depicts as a romance. Shaws clever use of phonetics ephasises the broad cockney accent which suggests that Eliza is lower class. The audience give her their sympathies specifically because ofRead More Pygmalion Essay1651 Words à |à 7 Pagescomes across a rude Professor, named Henry Higgins, he sarcastically offers her to ââ¬Å"learn how to speak beautifully, like a lady in a floristââ¬â¢s shopâ⬠¦..at the end of six months you shall go to Buckingham palace in a carriage, beautifully dressed.â⬠This is what he proposes to Eliza when she comes to ask for English lessons from the Professor. He then makes a bet with another man, Colonel Pickering, who says he will pay for her new clothes and English lessons, if Higgins can make a lady out of her in six Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-71769679154740939242019-12-18T05:30:00.001-08:002019-12-18T05:30:05.012-08:00War on Drugs = War on Terrorism Essay - 2460 Words War on Drugs = War on Terrorism The United Statesââ¬â¢ new claim in todayââ¬â¢s world of propaganda and mind-warping media is that The War on Terrorism = The War on Drugs. Recently simple anti-drug slogans have been manipulated into aggressively and often erroneously exaggerated media assaults. (planetpapers.com) The United States claims that each person can help fight terrorism by choosing not to buy or use illicit drugs, and the government itself can help fight terrorism by implementing a more effective War on Drugs throughout the country. They claim that illicit drugs are the major monetary support of terrorist groups throughout the world, which in some respects is correct. Due to this claim, teenagers and drugâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Adding to this, even more blame should be placed on the government than the blame they are so valiantly trying to divert. It is the U.S. governmentââ¬â¢s fault that drugs are even remotely linked to terrorism. This is because the profitability of il licit drugs is the direct result of the prohibition of drugs by the government, and the U.S. is a leader of the world and is therefore the model for most other countryââ¬â¢s prohibition laws on the same drugs. Marijuana is grown everywhere across the United States and is one of the most widely used drugs. People in every state grow marijuana for their own use, for use by their friends, and for sale to make a little profit. I know personally of people who do this; it is not uncommon. Also most of the marijuana purchased in the U.S. comes from Mexico, other Latin American countries, and Canada, all of which are not a major concern for terrorist activities, if a concern at all. In the same way marijuana is produced in the United States, hallucinogenic mushrooms are also produced. The major source of hallucinogenic mushrooms in the U.S. is grown right here at home, and most of the other sources are also provided by Mexico, Latin American countries, and Canada. The illicit drug that is seen as the most problematic and widespread drug throughout the U.S. today is crystalShow MoreRelated War on Drugs is a Domestic Problem Essay620 Words à |à 3 Pages WAR ON DRUGS IS A DOMESTIC PROBLEM nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The new policy that the government has unfolded on the War on Drugs, has pointed the finger of responsibility toward stopping terrorism by stopping the individual drug users. Terrorism affects the entire world, and the United States has assumed a position at the spearhead to confront it. There is no way to actually stop terrorism, but one way to financially divert the problem is to stop the money from flowing to the organizationsRead MoreEssay on Propaganda, Stereotypes, and the War on Drugs1371 Words à |à 6 PagesPropaganda, Stereotypes, and the War on Drugs The West has constantly been fighting the use of illegal drugs for decades by Propaganda. Propaganda ââ¬Ëis a form of manipulative communication designed to elicit some predetermined responseââ¬â¢ (Inge, 1981, 322). Governments have been using many propagandistic methods to reduce the consumption of illegal drugs such as marginalization or creating stereotypes. By creating a certain stereotype for the drug users and dealers, governments believe that peopleRead MoreImpact of Globalization on Terrorism1245 Words à |à 5 Pages Since terrorism has taken the impact of globalization it is leaving the world in a war of terror and a desperate effort to unite against the growing terrorist groups. After the numerous, tragic world wide events stemmed by terrorism such as: 9/11, bombing of the London subway, and the Beslan school hostage crisis, the world has vastly changed itsââ¬â¢ mentality of dealing with the future. The globe is forced to unite against an emerging threat, and is conjointly cutting funding for terrorism throughRead MoreGovernment Spending: What Can Be Done? Essay example623 Words à |à 3 PagesAs a taxpayer, I wonder where all my hard earned money is spent. My biggest concern is the expenditure on welfare, the War on Drugs, and the War on Terror. I understand welfare can help those in need, that the war on drugs can prevent violence, and some may not view the spending wasteful. Although, these expenditures can be useful to an extent, I believe the spending should be decreased and monitored. Some argue welfare is pertinent to all who receive aid and that it should not be limited. HoweverRead MoreThe Cold War1559 Words à |à 7 PagesWith the end of the ââ¬Å"Cold Warâ⬠, the hypothesis of war between states declined and created opportunities for peace and security. However, new types of conflicts, new challenges for maintaining international security and new threats to peace emerged. The U.S. attacks on September 11, 2001, marked a before and after in international relations, security concepts, and the emergence of new threats. Governments have had the necessity to change and to design new strategies to address these new threats. FurthermoreRead MoreEssay on Columbia1712 Words à |à 7 Pages Americaââ¬â¢s War on Drugs Chaos best describes the current state of the Republic of Colombia. Rebelling terrorist groups from within the country threaten to topple Colombiaââ¬â¢s actual government. Again and again, Colombia has shown its inability to fight the rebelling terrorists and simultaneously protect its civilians from harm. America has several reasons to intervene, with its military force if necessary, in Colombia. America must be protected against drugs and the countless crimes and social problemsRead More The Relationship of Terrorism and Drugs Essay894 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Relationship of Terrorism and Drugs Terrorism has many and varied links to the drug trade. Terrorists may use drugs for funding of their cause; may include drugs as part of their cause, as in Peru; or terrorism may be the result of the drug trade, as it is in Columbias Extraditables and Italys mafia. With the many linkages between the two crimes it seems that to crackdown on one you must crackdown on the other. The ties between the two are such that enforcement of one will hurt theRead MoreEssay on The War on Terror1493 Words à |à 6 PagesWar on terror refers to the ongoing military campaign led by U.S and U.K against organizations identified as terrorists. Terrorism can be defined as an unlawful violence or war deliberately targeted to civilians. It can also be defined as a systematic use of terror to coerce or violent acts intended to create fear. This threat is normally perpetrated for religious, political or ideological goals. The conflict as also called by other names. They include World War III, The Long W ar, War on TerrorismRead MoreSocial Problems Essays1168 Words à |à 5 Pagesonly really become an issue when they affect a large proportion of society. What for one might look like a problem and if a large group of society is not affected, there is little probability that it will be defined as a social problem. The ââ¬Å"war of drugsâ⬠is one of the most argumentative examples of social problem construction. Throughout the world people consume all sorts of chemicals that affect their bodies: they drink large amounts of liquor; which can lead to another major problem with alcoholismRead MoreA Brief Note On The Culture Of Terrorism1518 Words à |à 7 PagesCulture of Terrorism The Culture of Terrorism The thesis of this paper is that the attacks of 9/11 were the catalysts of a world culture of terrorism that is used by propaganda and censorship to blur the politics of globalization and technology, and restructure a totalitarian society. This paper will argue that the businesses of ââ¬Å"the U.S. media shill factoryâ⬠(Borjesson, 2004, p.165), the plottings of the ââ¬Å"brand basedâ⬠(Klein, 2000, P.421) corporations, and the multi-national oil giants influence Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-54151625395995929942019-12-10T02:13:00.001-08:002019-12-10T02:13:03.875-08:00Historiographical Analysis of Industrial Revolution-Free-Samples Question: Discuss about the Histeriographical Analysis of Industrial Revolution. Answer: Historiography term refers to a series of historical work on specialized topic. It is a compilation of the study and methodology of the discipline of history. It focuses on the analysis of the way history has been and is written, a demonstration of history of these historical writing. It is the study of the interpretation of the individual historians behind the case instead of explaining the events. It also studies the changes in perception of the writers that occurs over time. These perceptional changes occur in the writing with the domain of the writer. Obviously, the description of the event will vary in the write up of an anthropologist to a psychologist as their world view varies widely (Stoa.Org.Uk 2017). This study will be focusing on the Industrial Revolution that took place around the western world, especially in Britain and its chain effect in the past century. Works of various scholars will be studied from different perspective to get a proper idea of the subject. The indu strial development is a long process in the history. It produced technological and structural transformation, which is widely referred as the Industrial revolution in the chapter of history. A descriptive study will be carried out which will highlight the viewpoint of different historians on the events. Arnold Toynbee was the first to conduct a systematic study on industrial revolution in 1880 to the grounds of economic changes (Wilson 2014). Since then, different economists have expressed their view among which, T.S. Ashton is a major name. In 1937, he proposed that, the Pre World war historians possessed a meager shelf, out of which to make up the story of Industrial Revolution. The literature developed rapidly during the World War I. Max Hartwell is another big name in the field who published the first critical survey of the attempts made by various economic historians in explaining the Industrial revolution, in 1965 (Sharpe 2010). The paper describes a critical explanation of the viewpoints of the scholars in the attempt. Several attempts came up after this on the grounds of surveys of the Industrial revolution. The most recent and critical one can be the Joel Mokyrs work. David Cannadine has worked on a more proactive history where he used the literature economic historians of Industrial Revolution between the time period of 1880 to 1980. He mentions that, the focus of this writings was base on the socio-economic characteristics. Yet, Cannadines work does not focus on the change in explanations of the writers. Rather, he focused on the changing aspects of the Industrial Revolution. He divided his article in four frames. The first frame was from 1880-1920 where the theme was the consequences; the second phase was 1920-50 emphasizes on the economic instability, the third frame is 1950-70, in which article focuses on the modern economic growth and the last frame attempts the form an idea of the revolution in slow pace of the change England during 1750-1850 (Hudson 2014; Pseudoerasmus.Files.Wordpress.Com 2017). It is hard to determine the explanation of the writers and categorize the time frame where a kind of interpretation was dominant. It is even harder conceptualize the disagreement among scholars in the explanations proposed. Aston, in his article stated that the cause of industrial revolution could not be determined. The changes in the technology and organization of industrial production growth of industrial output, the structural change of industrial output and economy of the society are the prime focus in the explanation of the change. Crafts on the other hand focuses on the industrial growth rate, structural transformation of the society and the technological innovation between the 1750 and 1850 (Crafts 2014). They also focused on the growth of GDP per capita during this period to explain the industrial revolution. As mentioned earlier, the primary focus of the essay is to examine impression of the writers on the industrial revolution, it is important for us to identify the writers for a better understanding. Arnold Toynbee is among the writers talked about the features of industrial revolution rather than rather than the causes. He viewed the growth of overseas trade as the prime factor in change. According to him, trading relationship with America in trading was the primary factor for the growth. William Cunningham showed similar opinion stressing the growth of foreign trade as the primary factor. He also sees the importance of technological innovation (Wilson 2014). A.H. John viewed the boom of agricultural production during 1680 to 1750 as an unavoidable reason behind the revolution. It eventually rise expanded to domestic market of all kinds of goods. He related the growth of the other products with the agricultural expansion to support his view. This view got its attention in the global in the writings of Deane and Cole, who gathered information and broadcasted their evidences of foreign trade and overseas market for English goods, which made it grow faster. On contrary, they also showed that it was not evidence until the starting of 19th century (Lucas 2017). On the other hand, Robert Brenner, a Marxist historian showed a similar view while adopting a Smithian mode of analysis and stated that the exports to America were a major reason behind Britains rapid expansion. Brenner further stated that the agricultural expansion was the reason for this outcome. The colonial exports come into action while discussing the foreign exports and which again involves the socio-political factors of England (Brenner 1977). W.A. Cole is one of them who focused on the social factors rather than the technological one. The evolution of a social and institutional environment provided fuel to economic growth (Lucas 2017). This socio-political viewpoint can be seen in the Marxist writers whose point of view is observed to be completely different from the others as the focuses more on it. Another approach of the Marxist theories is the economic one, as Karl Marx was known to a famous economist of all time. Some other important economists who are significant in the matter are David Hume, Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill and David Ricardo. There are two parts of their theory, which are important in this study (Pseudoerasmus.Files.Wordpress.Com 2017). They are the role of overseas trade and the growth theory. They also connected the growth with the division of labor, transportation, technology, and distribution. They view all these as interrelated factors, which made the environment favorable for England to bring the industrial boom. Different Marxist theory strands like dependency theory often asserted the economic boom from a negative approach as it was connected with the international trade with colonized countries. Marxist such as Brenner connected the theory with struggle of the people rising from the agricultural development. Some similar opinion can be seen in other Marxist scholars who blame the international trade under European colonialism for the demolishment of the class structure of colonized society and under-developme nt condition. They viewed the negative part of the Industrial Revolution (Brenner 1977). Similarly, some of the non-Marxist scholars highlighted the economic development of the European countries on the plunder and exploitation of the colonized countries. They made Western countries responsible for the problem and questioned the moral behind their action. There are also some important scholars who viewed the political grounds of the industrial revolution among which, Mantoux is an important name. He linked the Industrial Revolution with the growth commerce with the help of political process of late seventeenth century. For him, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 played an important role. He connected the political control with the intercontinental trade of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Further, he stated that after the fight of the King, the Lords met in Guildhall, which is a common home for the merchant companies, in order to meet the necessities in hand and to pay the army. They borrowed two hundred thousand pounds from the city, which led to a alliance of a new monarchy with the class of moneyed man and the marchants (Mantoux 2013). The theories, primarily the economic theories of growth have fashioned the study over time. Ronald Findlay is an important economist as his theory of trade is widely used by Joel Mokyr in explaining the foreign trade as mentioned earlier in the essay. The economic theories are in continuous change which results in change in explanation of the Industrial revolution. The growth theories have changed over time and the current growth theorists have discovered useful ways of formalizing ideas long discussed by the economic historians (Meisenzahl and Mokyr 2011). On the other hand, J.A. Hobson in his paper analyzed British term of trade movement of eighteenth century and his supply side technological argument. His theory is also related to the trade development that it does not go with the manna from heaven as proposed by Findlay (Schneider 2016). The theorists of neoclassical, Solovian tradition frame another approach in growth theory. The theory was form during the 1950s, which could explain neither the industrialization experience of the third world nations, nor the growth experience of the industrial nations during the period. They took the technological progress has to be an exogenous and fortuitous process. A more systematic empirical says that the nations which have adopted the outward-orientation of development strategy have raised faster than the others raise and achieved a greater level of economic fortune than the protectionist traders achieve. We can now, highlight the changes that took place over time in the historiographical environment, which affected the interpretation of Industrial revolution from 1880s to the recent time. The technological innovation and the innovations that took place in the contemporary time dominated the Industrial Revolution. Most of the literature that published focuses on the technologi cal perspective and it was technological breakthrough that transformed the western world and society irrevocably area of disagreement in the workshop of the world. As observed in the above, we can divide the technological perspectives in two major views. The first one is the technological innovation in the boundaries of the country and the second one is the overseas trade. The first one consists of two views one is the manna-from-heaven view of technological change and the other is the fortuitous development. The second one focuses on the changes in technology largely as a function of growing market demand. One of the leading neoclassical formal growth theorists was Crafts. He viewed the economic growth of Britain during the Industrial Revolution and in nineteenth century is an outcome of of the traditional neoclassical growth model and growth accounting. However, in the recent years, the view has dramatically changed with the development of endogenous growth model and role of human capital formation. However, Crafts still believes that few aspects of technological change in the first Industrial Revolution, say for example, the micro inventions were indeed exogenous. On the other hand, he himself holds the view that, few of the new growth theories, especially Grossman-Helpman type, gives some useful insights for more realistic interpretation of the Industrial Revolution. According to him, these new growth theories have discovered helpful mediums of formalizing ideas, which was long discuss by the economic historians in the economic history of the world. He puts suggestion for a substantial effort to find different ways of investigations of the hypothesis with the given extensive emphasis put on comparative market size by the new growth theory (Crafts 2014). Henceforth, we can say that pessimism is extinguished in the post war era and gave birth to the construction of more realistic growth theories. New trends in histriography of the Industrial Revolution is dr iven by these main factors proposed by the economists. We can draw a conclusion from the above discussion that the theories and the opinions of the historians have changed drastically over time. Different perspective of different writers over time is mentioned in the above discussion. Different documents of various historians, starting from Toynbee is focus is the discussion. Socio-political, economical, social background of the Industrial Revolution has been discussed in the essay. Different theories like Marxist economic theory and the class theory, economic growth theory, formal neoclassical theory have been highlighted in the essay with a continuity of these theories over time. Cause of the Revolution and it effect on the society in various aspects like those that agricultural growth, class structure, oversea trade, colonial markets and many more have been discussed in details References Brenner, Robert. "The origins of capitalist development: a critique of neo-Smithian Marxism."New Left Review104 (1977): 25. Hudson, Pat.The industrial revolution. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. Meisenzahl, Ralf R., and Joel Mokyr. "The rate and direction of invention in the British industrial revolution: Incentives and institutions." InThe rate and direction of inventive activity revisited, pp. 443-479. University of Chicago Press, 2011. Mantoux, Paul.The industrial revolution in the eighteenth century: An outline of the beginnings of the modern factory system in England. Routledge, 2013. Crafts, Nicholas.Productivity Growth during the British Industrial Revolution: Revisionism Revisited. No. 204. Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE), 2014. Wilson, Daniel CS. "Arnold Toynbee and the industrial revolution: The science of history, political economy and the machine past."History Memory26, no. 2 (2014): 133-161. Lucas Jr, Robert E.What Was the Industrial Revolution?. No. w23547. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017. Schneider, Michael.JA Hobson. Springer, 2016. Sharpe, Pamela. "Max Hartwell (1921-2009): The Economic History of Van Diemen's Land in Global Context."Tasmanian Historical Studies15 (2010): 205. Stoa.Org.Uk. 2017.Historiography. https://www.stoa.org.uk/topics/history/Historiography.pdf. Pseudoerasmus.Files.Wordpress.Com 2017.. Industrial Revolution. https://pseudoerasmus.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/inikori_ch3.pdf. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-59747237036612851602019-12-02T13:54:00.001-08:002019-12-02T13:54:04.232-08:00Professional Discourse in Financial Institutions Making Knowledge and Change Discussion Basically, finance and banking literature falls into two classes. The first category is found in textbooks which introduces basic concepts in this field to trainees. However, textbooks do not have much to speak about profound changes transforming financial systems. The second category on the other hand tends to be discussed by a small group of financial experts.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Professional Discourse in Financial Institutions Making Knowledge and Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While primarily writing for small professional elites, financial experts often use highly technical language and publish their works in relatively obscure outlets. Knowledge that makes it possible for an individual to influence others is important to changing practice (Grant, 2005, p. 37). This knowledge is, however, ignored frequently in the popular literature on change. The common assumption is that professional knowledge that is relevant to financial professionals is directly applicable to financial practice as new ideas and skills for training and that entrenching these has no appreciable political dimension. Even where financial professional development is expected to lead to transformational change, the practice rhetorical aspects are still largely left out of account (Goodwin, 1994, p. 75). Professional learning cannot only be regarded as a matter of knowledge transfer; rather it also has to be framed on the basis of traineeââ¬â¢s feedback as allowing people theorizing. According to researchers, rhetorical activity is important on the part of those wishing to effect changes in organizational settings if they are to achieve the cooperation of others and neutralize the power of those who oppose (Halliday, 1985, p. 62). The universal work processes and policy issues prove to form knowledge that is significant to success. This is because it offers a basis for developi ng a shared financial language and understanding with which to negotiate with bank managers and others acting as custodians to organizational resources. Collaborative pedagogy, in tapping into cohort as a resource, assists to maximize learning across groups about the operation of banks. (Aitchison, 1991, p.123). Mutual exchanges in financial setting allow people to explore knowledge about work processes because the difference between their experiences opened up questions of how things were managed in different working establishments (Eggins, 1994, p. 292).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that people have access to a range of case studies mediated by experts who could try and answer many of the questions that are unanswered when interrogating written texts or visiting experts (Bourdieu, 1991, p. 71). This paper attempts to review literature related to na rratives produced by bank economics as communally constructed representations of knowledge about in Canadian economy about past, present and future. Specifically, the paper tries to trace the construction and application of particular narrative that is monetary policy. A Review of Related Literature How does Professional Financial Discourse impact Change in Banking Culture? Smart (2006) presents well designed ethnography of Canadian Central bankersââ¬â¢ intellectual duties. He gives an account about discursive ways in which economists in Canadian central bank negotiate, pass and inscribe knowledge about the countryââ¬â¢s monetary policies. In his presentations, Smart describes a world that is ââ¬Å"tech-savvy rife with statistics, narratives, computer models, meetings, documents and Benchmarksâ⬠(p. 98). He provides presentations using narratives, statistics, computer models, documents, and others in a manner that benefited; the concerns of participants, the manner in wh ich micro events required to be understood as both unique and structured, and concern for situated and dialogical character of ethnographic knowledge (Bloommaert, 2007, p. 682). In his research project at the Bank of Canada, Smart illustrates the use of ethnographic-based genre analysis. In this project, Smart studied technology supported genre practices of economists in the Bank of Canada. He explored the work world and intellectual collaboration of the Bankââ¬â¢s nearly 275 economists. The study drew on qualitative data collected over more than two decades. Two aspects of the economistsââ¬â¢ genre practices were well explored. First, the study examined how the economists use a set of written and oral genres, combined with technology of computer run economic models, to collaborate in creating specialized knowledge about current and future developments of Canadaââ¬â¢s economy. It was also for the purpose of using this knowledge in directing Canadian national monetary policy (Smart, 2006, p.16)).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Professional Discourse in Financial Institutions Making Knowledge and Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The narrative on Canadian monetary policy is designed in three stages, over time and across a set of written genres. Each successive version provides broad knowledge claim in the form of more comprehensive accounts of the state of Canadian economy. In the first stage, the story appears as a cluster of what Smart calls sector stories. This means specialistsââ¬â¢ analyses of developments in different sectors of Canadian economy. In the second stage, the story is about the economy of Canada as a whole (Smart, 2006, p. 10). This was produced by a team of economists during a quarterly activity inscribed in a document referred to as the White Book. The final stage is an elaborate institutional story, constructed by the Bank executives from the White Book and other sources of information. A staff economist provides an overview of this process of narrative building. The sector specialists all have their little stories that they create using satellite models. Then in the Projection Exercise, the Secretariat uses QPM to pull all these stories together and make them interact with one another to produce a larger story. And then thereââ¬â¢s the presentation of the White Book to the executives, where they test and prod your story. And then the executives take it from there themselves (Smart, 2006, p. 16). Smart (2006, p. 10) outlined three stages in construction of monetary policy story. He describes a model mediated collaborative process, in which financial statistical data reflected a wide range of conditions and developments in Canadian economy as interpreted linguistically and changed into narrative representations of knowledge utilized by the bank in conducting monetary policy and in communicating policy to the public. Ho w does Professional Financial Discourse contribute to the Social Change? This perspective understands knowledge to be activity based and socially generated. Knowledge comes from people thinking in action as they participate together in getting things done (Coulman, 1992, p. 172). Further, such thinking in action is seen as being shaped or even defined by means of mediation it employs to carry out a task.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, distributed cognition theorists accord close attention to the various means of mediation; symbolic representations, technologies, and collaborative arrangements that groups use to enable particular specialized forms of reasoning and knowledge creation required to accomplish their work (Bloommaert, 2007, p. 681). Narratives as symbolic representations are means that affect our conceptions of what, how and why we need to know. Bazerman (1991, p. 330) stressed the role of such representations in encouraging inter-subjectivity, that is, the ground of shared understandings necessary for productive intellectual collaboration. He suggests that symbolic representations, whether linguistic, visual, or mathematical, serve to mediate between private spaces of cognition and public spaces in which inter-subjectivity is negotiated, thereby offering shared information, perception, and orientation of large many people involved in coordinated activities (Bargiela-Chiappini, 2004, 120). The ro le of shared symbolic representations in orienting activity, as mentioned by Bazerman (1991, p. 332) it is particularly important in large, complex professional financial organizations. In such cases, representations play an essential part in creating the inter-subjectivity that enables a multitude of people with varied experience, roles, and expertise to collaborate intellectually in a productive manner. In hierarchical organizations, collaborative activity of this kind typically involves the division of cognitive labor, where technical specialists engage in analytical work or surrogate thinking on behalf of more-senior decision makers (Smart, 2006, p. 75). This perspective mediating financial function of symbolic representations indicates the role of monetary policy story constructed by bank economists in the Bank of Canada (Smart, 2006, p. 16). This narrative acts as away of organizational thought that evolves across a set of genres. It serves to align economistsââ¬â¢ analytic activities with the bankââ¬â¢s policy mandate and to consolidate the output of their work. Thus, this enables production and application of complex, specialized financial knowledge that central bank requires for conducting monetary policy (Smart, 2006, p. 75). As the monetary policy story evolves, a set of written genres, with its inherent patterns of structured social interaction, functions as a sequence of sites for the deployment of differentiated expertise, for the synthesis of various types of economic analysis as well as for the negotiation and resolution of competing interpretations of empirical phenomena and financial statistical data. This shows how a shared understanding of local narrative conventions and experience with accounting genres involved in construction of monetary policy story contribute to the inter-subjectivity needed for coordinated and productive intellectual collaboration (Fox, 2006, p. 115). Second, the study looked at the utilization of a different se t of technology supported discourse genres by economists to enable the Bank of Canada communicate effectively with the publics, such as; government, business sector, media, and others. These communications are deemed essential for a central bank to maintain public legitimacy as the national monetary policy authority (Smart, 2006, p. 8). The Canadian Central Bank research offers a deep description of discursive systems used by Bankââ¬â¢s economists to design a conceptual world featuring a shared understanding of financial economic reality. What is exemplified in this study is the distinction between ethnography of a social group and a case study of one or several informants or of a single event. The findings realised through the study drew on interviews with 32 Bank economists at different levels in the organizational hierarchy to depict the culture of their professional community (Smart, 2006, p. 10). On the concern of how much time a researcher requires to spend in a site in ord er to produce an authentic ethnography, the study at the Bank of Canada covered 23 years; 14 years as an in-house writing consultant and trainer in which data was gathered and analyzed data continuously (Smart, 2006, p.9). In addition, the observations also covered nine years of sporadic but fruitful research. Based on this experience and that of other ethnographers, a researcher using the Geertzian approach to ethnographic based discourse analysis requires some time, ideally a year or more, regularly observing in a site in order to produce a thick description of a social groupââ¬â¢s life world (Geertz, 1973, p. 10). On the relationship between ethnography and theory, and question whether a researcher can commence a study with certain financial theories fixed in mind as conceptual tools. Smart was in agreement of this. In his case, he studied the Bankââ¬â¢s economists already working under the influence of theoretical concepts of epistemic rhetoric, genre and inscription. He t hen ventured to the theoretical well along the way to draw on concepts of modelling, activity, distributed cognition; situated learning, inter-textual, multimodality, organizational change and social production of information to assist interpret financial data. This implies that an ethnographic account is inevitably distinctive in nature. It is specific to a specific financial research financial personal repertoire of perspectives (Smart, 2006, p. 16). On the challenge of whether the accounts designed by ethnographers can assist in theory building in their disciplines, the questioner provides a thick description, ethnographic account of a particular communityââ¬â¢s discursively designed life world, can be assumed to hold for other social groups in other settings (Bargiela-Chiappini, 2004, p. 123). Legitimately, a researcher cannot move from producing an account of a single professional organization, for instance, to claiming that the grounding theory derived from this account wil l necessary apply to other organizations (Halliday, 1985, p. 9). However, researchers contends that account of banks can act as heuristic for researchers intending to examine the discourse practices and intellectual collaboration of other professional groups (Brown, 2000, p. 106). Given the similarity in roles and culture of central banks around the world, and the Bank of Canadaââ¬â¢s continual interactions with other national and international organizations, aspects of ethnographic account produced from this study applies likely to other professional organizations thus encouraging social change. The reason for this is that in many ways the account accords with ethnographic research by other scholars on discourse practices of professionals in variety of other organizational sites. The aspects of these accounts are likely to be applicable to other professional organizations, such as; Bank of Canada, other central banks, other economic policy organizations, other public policy orga nizations, and other professional organizations (Smart, 2006, p. 10). How does Professional Financial Discourse Impact Social Literacy and Social Change? Most recent perspectives have concentrated on epistemic functions of narrative discourse. Jarratt (1998, p. 63), for example, describes narrative as ââ¬Å"a vehicle for the serious tasks of knowledge creation, storage, and use, while Brown (2000, p. 68). characterizes it as a medium for a ââ¬Å"rich, distinctly valuable sort of knowledge that assumes guises ranging from the scientific to the poetic. Fox (2004, p. 116) in pointing to the frequent use of narrative by scientists, writes of powerful heuristic value narratives have for science as an interpretive and rhetorical strategy and of the way narrative impose significance and coherence on a mass of data by using plots to select and order events. The link between financial narrative and argumentation has also been theorized (Bloommaert, 2007, p. 682). Smart contends that in his torical narrative, point of views and interpretation of evidence are implicitly forms of argument. For him, there are no objective stories different types of historical arguments are inherently lodged in different kinds of narrative. He asserts that one of the ways historical financial narrative argues is through claims of cause and effect, observing that the device of plot carries with it the conjunction of narrative and causal analysis. In a context particularly relevant to research at the Bank of Canada, the use of narrative in the field of economics is candidly discussed. Consequently, despite economicsââ¬â¢ scientific posture and empirical methodologies, its knowledge making actually depends on rhetorical devices, particularly narrative and metaphor (Smart, 2006, p. 75). The core of the narrative is significant in the analyzing policy work of Bank of Canada economists (Smart, 2006, p. 75). Recent theorizing suggests that genres in financial professions serve as structures of activity and discourse for generating and applying specialized knowledge necessary for social change. Stable firms with structures that are well defined also get recurrent problems which requires different types of discourse and knowledge (Bloommaert, 2007, p. 681). A written genre on finance can be seen as a broad rhetorical strategy enacted within a financial organization in order to regularize writer/reader transactions in ways that allow for the creation of particular knowledge (Cook, 1992, p. 152). I have also argued for a conception of genre that encompasses regularities in texts, composing processes, and reading practices as well as repeated patterns in an organizationââ¬â¢s drama of interaction, the interpersonal dynamics that surround and support certain texts. This view of genre can assist in understanding the nature of collaboration through which an organizational narrative is constructed and applied (Bazerman, 1991, p. 336). A related theme in genre theory concerns t he knowledge-making function of families of genres. Bazerman (1991, p. 336) proposes the concept of the genre system, the full range of typified professional discourse produced by a professional financial organization. He depicts that a financial system of written genres can be interpreted as a multifaceted rhetorical structure for creating and distributing knowledge required for carrying out the work of organization. Bazerman (1991, p. 336) extends the genre system beyond the cluster of genres enacted by practitioners within a single professional group to include other external genres that are part of the groupââ¬â¢s interaction with the world at large (Eggins, 1994, p. 294). He suggests substituting the term genre set for intra-professional cluster of genres and reserving the term genre system for entire network of genres enacted between an organization and other participants in a broader structured discursive field (Bazerman, 1991, p. 334). The thought of a genre set used by p ractitioners within a professional group and that of a genre system extending beyond the set to include other genres in a wider discursive field is useful for understanding the dynamics of financial narrative construction. The set of internal genres generated by the Bank of Canada economists function as analytic and rhetorical media. This is important for developing a complex narrative about the Canadian economy that is utilized in forming monetary policy decisions and in communicating policy to the outside the institution. The broader genre system that includes both the genres produced by the bank and the bank-related discourse of government, financial markets, academia, and journalism, enacts the institutionââ¬â¢s conversation with other participants in the world of public policy (Smart, 2006, p. 16). A second body of financial theory that can cast light on the collaborative process of narrative construction is distributed cognition; an extension of the Soviet cultural-historic al approach known as activity theory. Departing from a tradition in Western psychology that locates intellectual functioning within the individual, removed from history and sociocultural influences, and that objectifies knowledge, distributed cognition theorists look at intelligence, reasoning, and knowledge as manifest in activity and distributed in nature (Bazerman, 1991, p. 330)). Cognition is observed to be stretched over, that is, activity of individuals working together sharing cultural practices and artifacts to meet identical goal. Summery In sum, researchers may wish to consider applying the account of the role of narrative in collaborative knowledge making at the Bank of Canada as a heuristic for their own investigations into the dynamics of discourse in other professional sites (Smart, 2006, p. 10). In particular, they may need to find out how the process of communal narrative construction may contribute to the creation and application of specialized knowledge necessary t o an organization for accomplishing its mandate. I suggest that researchers involved in such inquiry might find that bringing theories of genre and distributed cognition into play along with concepts of narrative can reveal important aspects of this process (Bazerman,1991, p. 336) Combined together, these theoretical perspectives, with their different but complementary angles of vision, constitute a powerful conceptual frame for examining the discursive practices that enable intellectual collaboration and knowledge making within a professional organization. The Bank of Canada Monetary Policy Report follows the schema of the fully elaborated monetary policy story more explicitly and completely than any other single published text (Smart, 2006, p. 240). Reference List Aitchison, J. (1991). Language change: Progress or decay? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bargiela-Chiappini, F., Fishman, J.A. (Eds.) (2004). Organizational Discourse. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Bazerman, C. (19 91). Textual Professions of Dynamics. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Bloommaert, J. (2007). On Scope and depth in Linguistic Ethnography. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11 (5), 682-633. Bourdieu, P. ( 1991). Language and symbolic power. Cambridge: Polity Press. Brown, G. Yule, G. (2000). Discourse analysis. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Cook, Guy. (1992). The Discourse of advertising (2nd Edition). New York: Routledge. Coulmas, F. (1992). Language and Economy. Oxford: Blackwell. Eggins, S. (1994). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London: Pinter Publishers. Fox, R., Fox, J. (2004). Organizational discourse: language-ideology-power perspective. Westport, Conn: Praeger. Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books. Goodwin, C. (1994). Professional Vision. American Anthropologist 96 (3), 606-633. Grant, D., Iesdima. (2005). Discourse Analysis and the Study of Organizations. Carbondale: Texts 25 (1), 37-66. Halliday, M., Hasan, R. (1985). Language, context and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Victoria: Deakin University Press. Jarrat, S. (1998). Rereading the Sophists. London: SIU Press Smart, G. (2006). Writing the Economy. London: Equitonox Publishing. This research paper on Professional Discourse in Financial Institutions Making Knowledge and Change was written and submitted by user PrinceofOrphans to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-74235995773617726532019-11-27T03:38:00.001-08:002019-11-27T03:38:02.266-08:00German Irish African and Native are all American essaysGerman Irish African and Native are all American essays Paula Chrystine Poling Poling 1 Myths, Memories and Realities of the War Between the States Dr. Mary Ellen Rowe and Dr. Larry Olpin German, Irish, African and Native are all American For minorities, as for other Americans, the Civil War was an opportunity to prove their valor and loyalty. Among the first mustered into the Union army were a De Kalb regiment of German American Clerks, the Garibaldi Guards made up of Italian Americans, a Polish Legion, and hundreds of Irish American youths from Boston and New York. Many people firmly believed, despite all the evidence to the contrary, that immigrants instinctively supported the union, and given the chance, deserted the South and sought their compatriots in Northern regiments (Burton 201). More than 400,000 European immigrants fought for the Union, including more than 170,000 Germans and more than 150,000 Irish. Many saw their services as a proud sacrifice. William Burton writes in his book Melting Pot Soldiers about John Cochrane, the colonel of a regiment who was of Irish decent. Cochrane recalled the native soldiers in the Union forces as typically a conscript rather than a volunteer, lacking in zeal and fire. Immigrant soldiers, in Cochranes recollection, held flaming partisan views, had dash and spirit, volunteered eagerly, and had real martial ardor (201). If we follow Cochranes description to the letter then all the other Americans were forced to serve their country and not because of their true loyalty and desire. Cochranes view is one of prejudice for his own ethnic group and against other American soldiers. Cynthia H. Enloe, in her pioneering work Ethnic soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies, went astray when she examined the history of immigrants in the North. State Security Planners she argued, treated recent immigrants as though they were outside the nation-state political system in the ... Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-76216586367869321862019-11-23T11:12:00.001-08:002019-11-23T11:12:02.357-08:00US Federal Budget Process - The Spending BillsUS Federal Budget Process - The Spending Bills House and Senate Work Out Differences in Conference CommitteeSince the spending bills are once again being debated and amended separately, House and Senate versions will have to go through the same conference committee process as the Budget Resolution. The conferees have to agree on one version of each bill capable of passing in both the House and Senate by a majority vote. Full House and Senate Consider Conference ReportsOnce the conference committees have forwarded their reports to the full House and Senate, they must be approved by a majority vote. The Budget Act stipulates that the House should have given final approval to all of the spending bills by June 30. President May Sign or Veto Any or All of the Appropriations BillsAs spelled out in the Constitution, the President has ten days in which to decide: (1) to sign the bill, thereby making it law; (2) to veto the bill, thereby sending it back to Congress and requiring much of the process to begin again with respect the programs covered by that bill; or (3) to allow the bill to become law without his signature, thereby making it law but doing so without his express approval. The Government Begins its New Fiscal YearIf and when the process goes as planned, all the spending bills have been signed by the president and have become public laws by October 1, the start of the new Fiscal Year. Since the federal budget process rarely runs on schedule anymore, Congress will usually be required to pass one or more ââ¬Å"Continuing Resolutionsâ⬠authorizing the various government agencies to continue operating temporarily at existing funding levels. The alternative, a government shutdown, is not a desirable option. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-66883656858626466402019-11-21T04:51:00.001-08:002019-11-21T04:51:07.148-08:00Human service integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsHuman service integration - Essay Example scale." Historically, pilot programs and studies of best practices have not been widely replicated, not because they were "bad" strategies, but rather a critical component was missing: high-performance leadership. (Atkinson, 1999) Although we traditionally associate "leadership" with the work of the chief executive, the missing component in successfully integrating services is leadership work performed throughout the agency. An agency with sufficient leadership capacity to integrate services is made up of employees who all perform components of leadership work, management work, task/technical work, and team skills. (McLennan, Caza, 2003) Why Has Service Integration Been So Elusive We know why we need to integrate services, we know what we've learned from our successes and failures, and we know that we must build leadership capacity throughout the organization. Why, then, have we been unable to make service integration a reality In a nutshell, we are trying to get integrated performance from a hierarchical system that was designed for standardized production. There is no "standard" customer; each needs different things in different combinations at different times for different reasons. Nor are we doing production work. The hierarchical organizations we work in were designed 100 years ago for standardized production under drastically different economic, technological, social, and political conditions. The rate of change during that time was relatively slow. Service integration has been elusive because it requires that we create flexible, performance-based, integrated organizations despite our hierarchical history and structure. In a survey of APHSA members, today however, 86 percent of the respondents said they envision their agencies integrating or consolidating its... The need for public human service agencies to integrate services is well established. A large number of human service agencies be aware of that in order to achieve positive results for vulnerable families and children, they must focus holistically on the customer.Although service integration is well established in theory, making it an operational reality has remained elusive over the last 20 years, but not for lack of effort or creativity some agencies have made phenomenal progress toward service integration, despite complex and ever-changing political, economic, demographic, and technological conditions. Service integration is the ultimate transformational change for public human services. It will become a broadly exhibited reality only when the leadership work is done at all levels. We will not wake up tomorrow morning to find that service integration has "happened." Creating human service agencies that fit this description relies upon our ability to build and sustain the capacity to do leadership work throughout our organizations. Unfortunately, leadership development has historically been done "in the margins" as an add-on to our already busy schedules. As we have learned in 20 years of attempting to integrate services, we cannot fundamentally change the way we do business in the margins. We must view leadership development as the critical component it is because leadership for high performance is the bottom line to making service integration a reality. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-89354549979138341102019-11-19T23:18:00.001-08:002019-11-19T23:18:02.176-08:00Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10Reaction Paper - Essay Example I felt that the poet wrote that days and months are travelers of eternity because these are some of the factors that will be there till eternity. When I read this, I asked myself what eternity was. I was left wondering how days and months connect to eternity. I am a layman person, and we describe eternity as something that has no end. However, the poetââ¬â¢s journey was just for a moment, but days and months last forever. Days and months are there for eternity, unlike Bashoââ¬â¢s journey, which came to an end. It is as if Basho never expected to complete his journey. He suffered throughout his journey so he was left wondering how days and months felt as they seemed to travel throughout. Days and months will always be there. Days and months could becompared to travelers, who never seem to complete their journey. They will travel forever, and this is the thesis of Bashoââ¬â¢s quote (Basho 1). This line is also extremely intriguing. According to the poet, the moon and the sun will always be there in every generation making them seem like ideal wanderers (Basho 139). As Basho wandered throughout Japan, he always met the sun and the moon during the days and nights respectively. Bashoââ¬â¢s journey took ages to complete likewise as the moon and the sun never seem to complete their voyage around the earth. The sun, according to the poem, never seems to end their voyage around the world. The poet illustrated this well as he assumed that the moon and sun were also in a voyage, which never seems to end. This line is easy to interpret as I got the message in this line immediately I finished going through it. Even though, it is advisable for writers to puzzles their readers, it is also essential to offer them lines, which will make them understand or interpret what they are reading. The poet made it easier for his readers to understand what they are reading. I found this line overwhelming as people would not Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-31932594892061554032019-11-17T11:48:00.001-08:002019-11-17T11:48:03.089-08:00The National School Lunch Program Essay Example for Free The National School Lunch Program Essay The National School Lunch Program is a meal and nutritional program funded by the United States government, for the benefit of children in school all over the country. The program provides balanced and nutritious foods prepared and sold for reasonable amount money or given free to children in public and private schools, and other institutions of childcare. The eligibility of children that are included in the program is dependent on the average income of the household and capacity to sustain the dietary and nutritional needs of their children. The program is managed both in the federal and state level of the country, where the federal level is handled by the staff of the Food and Nutrition Service, and on the other hand, the state level is handled by the educational agencies and organizations of the state. The preparation of food and its contents are based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. It must also provide minerals and vitamins guided by the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). In addition to this, the staff of educational institutions is also trained to prepare for high-quality balanced and nutritional meals for the children. The U. S Department of Agriculture (USDA) supports the program by giving out cash subsidies and donations of supplies and merchandises to participating educational institutions, as long as they follow the guidelines for the balanced and nutritional needs of children. (USDA, 2007a) The USDA usually gives cash subsidies to educational institutions for the program and spends the following amount of money for each meal: $3. 15 for a free lunch and snack, $2. 41 for reduced prices of a lunch and snack, and $0. 9 for a paid lunch and snack. (USDA, 2007a) The amount of reimbursements given to each educational institution varies every year based on the changes and adjustments guided by the increase or decrease rates of the Consumer Price Index provided by the Bureau Labor of Statistics. (USDA, 2007b) Aside from the cash reimbursements, educational institutions also receive goods and food merchandises amounting to 16. 75 cents per meal. In 2006 alone, the total sum of money spent for the program amounted to $8. 2 billion. (USDA, 2007a) The National Lunch Program harbors effects to the well-being of children and the behavior and attitude of the family towards it. A recent study revealed that there is little or no effect generated from the implementation of the program such that children do not actually need to follow the program because they are already receiving balanced and nutritional meals outside the premises of the educational institution. In addition to this, the family members might not be motivated to prepare additional meals for their children because they know the educational institution is providing this for them. The program serves as a replacement for the food they are preparing for the children, and because of this, the family members will not look for other alternatives to suffice for the nutritional needs of their children. (Dunifon Kowaleski-Jones, 2004) According to the program assessment conducted by the U. S. Government, the program was rated as ââ¬Å"moderately effective. â⬠Owing to the fact that the program was able to reduce the calorie and fat content of food prepared in educational institutions for children by five percent. In addition to this, the target population of children to whom the budget of the program, has also increased. This means that more children have been provided balanced and nutritional meals from the program despite the set target number of children. Moreover, the government has also plans of improving the program by implementing a method of monitoring and updating the nutritional content of the foods prepared. Aside from this, the issue about equity in terms of financial matters will also be addressed, as the government is working to provide an accurate and dependable estimate of payments or expenses starting this year. (ExpectMore, 2007) Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4444893013943456247.post-54204324951646131482019-11-15T00:19:00.001-08:002019-11-15T00:19:03.555-08:00Early Egyptian Religious Beliefs and Akhenaten?s Reforms Essay Early Egyptian Religious Beliefs and Akhenatenââ¬â¢s Reforms During the New Kingdom of Egypt (from 1552 through 1069 B.C.), there came a sweeping change in the religious structure of the ancient Egyptian civilization. "The Hymn to the Aten" was created by Amenhotep IV, who ruled from 1369 to 1353 B.C., and began a move toward a monotheist culture instead of the polytheist religion which Egypt had experienced for the many hundreds of years prior to the introduction of this new idea. There was much that was different from the old views in "The Hymn to the Aten", and it offered a new outlook on the Egyptian ways of life by providing a complete break with the traditions which Egypt held to with great respect. Yet at the same time, there were many commonalties between these new ideas and the old views of the Egyptian world. Although through the duration of his reign, Amenhotep IV introduced a great many changes to the Egyptian religion along with "The Hymn", none of these reforms outlived their creator, mostly due to the massive forces placed on his successor, Tutankhamen, to renounce these new reforms. However, the significance of Amenhotep IV, or Akhenaten as he later changed his name to, is found in "The Hymn". "The Hymn" itself can be looked at as a contradiction of ideas; it must be looked at in relation to both the Old Kingdom's belief of steadfast and static values, as well as in regards to the changes of the Middle Kingdom, which saw unprecedented expansionistic and individualistic oriented reforms. In this paper I plan to discuss the evolvement of Egyptian Religious Beliefs throughout the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms and analyze why Amenhotep IV may have brought about such religious reforms. The Old Kingdom of Egypt (from 2700 to 2200 B.C.), saw the commencement of many of the rigid, formal beliefs of the Egyptian civilization, both in regards to their religious and political beliefs, as they were very closely intertwined. "... There was a determined attempt to impose order on the multitude of gods and religious beliefs that had existed since predynastic times... and the sun-god Re became the supreme royal god, with the ki... ...oyal couple changed their names to Tutankhamen, demonstrating their renewed allegiance to Amen-Re. The king restored the old temples of the many gods, and reinstated the priesthoods" (David 158). The reforms, which Akhenaten brought to return the power once held by the Pharaoh in the Old Kingdom, were unable to be understood. The people who Akhenaten had to ensure comprehension of his reasoning did not, for they no longer were connected to the old order which he was trying to reestablish. Bibliography Aldred, Cyril. Akhenaten - King of Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998. Casson, Lionel. Ancient Egypt. New York: Time Inc, 1965. David, Rosalie. Discovering Ancient Egypt. New York: Facts on File, 1993. Hawkes, Jacquetta. Pharaohs of Egypt. New York: American Heritage Publishing, 1965. Matthews, Roy T., and F. Dewitt Platt. Readings in the Western Humanities. Third Edition. Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing, 1992 Montet, Pierre. Lives of the Pharaohs. Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1968. Redford, Donald. Akhenaten - The Heretic King. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. Strouhal, Eugen. Life of the Ancient Egyptians. London: Opus Publishing, 1992. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12902510808753843784noreply@blogger.com0